SANDERLING. 133 
Arenaria Bechstein, Ornith. Taschenb. Deutschl., p. 4624, 1803. Type (by monotypy) : 
Arenaria vulgaris Bechstein = Trynga alba Vroeg. 
Not of Brisson, Ornith., Vol. V., p. 132, 1760. 
Calidris Mliger, Prodr. Mamm. et Av., p. 249, pref. April 1811. Type (by monotypy) : 
Charadrius calidris Linné = T. alba Vroeg. 
Not of (Anon.) Allg. Lit. Zeitung, Vol. 2, No. 168, col. 542, June 8th, 1804. 
Morinellus Gray, List Genera Birds, 2nd ed., p. 90, Sept. 1841. In synonymy. 
Not Morinella Meyer und Wolf, Taschenb. d. Vogel, p. 383, note, 1810. 
Small Waders with short straight bills, long wings, short tails, very short legs 
and toes, and no hind-toe. The culmen is short and straight with the tip somewhat 
expanded and slightly decurved ; the groove in the upper mandible is long, extending 
almost to the tip ; the culmen is about equal to the very short metatarsus and about 
half the length of the tail. 
The wings are long and pointed with the first primary longest. The tail is 
short, doubly emarginate as in preceding, and less than half the length of the wing. 
The metatarsus is very short and only about one-fifth the length of the wing ; it is 
regularly scutellate in front and behind. The toes are very short, the middle toe 
being about half the length of the metatarsus ; there is no webbing between the toes. 
92. Crocethia alba.—SANDERLING. 
[Trynga alba Vroeg (ex Pallas MS.), Catal. d’Ois., Adumb., p. 7, ante Sept. 22nd, 1764. 
Holland, Europe. Extra-limital.] 
Mathews, Vol. III., pt. 3, pl. 158, Aug. 18th, 1913. 
Tringa tridactyla Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., Vol. II., p. 198, 1827: Lake Baikal, Asia. 
Arenaria leucophea cartert Mathews, Emu, Vol. XVI., p. 35, July Ist, 1916: Point Cloates, 
mid-West Australia. 
DisTRIBUTION.—Winter visitor to Australia, breeding in the northern hemisphere. 
Adult male in summer-plumage—Head and neck all round rufous with narrow 
brown shaft-streaks ; a narrow crescentic white line immediately below the eye ; 
back and scapulars blackish the feathers fringed with rufous or white, some of the 
rufous margins mottled with black ; lesser wing-coverts brown, median and greater 
coverts tipped with white ; bastard-wing and primary-coverts dark brown ; primary- 
quills also dark brown on the outer webs and at the tips, inner webs paler brown, 
shafts white except at the extreme tips, some of the inner primaries white on the 
outer webs; secondaries brown, some of the inner ones almost white, the innermost 
like the back; upper tail-coverts blackish with white tips, the long central ones 
entirely blackish ; middle tail-feathers dark brown, blackish towards the tips, the 
outer feathers much paler and mottled or dusted with brown and white ; breast, 
abdomen, and under tail-coverts white as also the axillaries and under wing-coverts, 
the small marginal coverts show minute blackish dots. Total length 207 mm. ; 
culmen 25, wing 125, tail 51, tarsus 25. 
Adult female in summer-plumage.—Similar to the adult male, but larger and 
not quite so bright rufous. 
Adult male in winter-plumage-—Upper-parts pale grey with dark shaft-lines, 
including the head, hind-neck, sides of neck, median wing-coverts, and scapulars ; 
lesser upper wing-coverts dark brown; greater wing-coverts dark brown broadly 
tipped with white ; bastard-wing and primary-coverts dark brown or blackish, some 
of the latter tipped with white ; primary-quills also dark brown on the outer webs 
and at the tips, much paler and inclining to white on the inner webs, some of the 
inner primaries white on the outer webs towards the base ; secondaries for the most 
part white with brown at the tips, the long innermost secondaries like the back ; 
upper tail-coverts rather darker than the back, the lateral ones broadly fringed and 
tipped with white ; middle tail-feathers dark brown with white on the outer webs 
near the base and narrowly fringed with white, the outer feathers similar but paler ; 
