TURNSTONE. 159 
Immature—Much browner and paler with dull greyish-pink feet and horn 
coloured bill, the feathers of the back with pale tips. 
Nestling in down.—Sooty-brown with white tips on the upper-parts; head 
black as also two longitudinal lines on the back. 
Nest.—A depression in the earth. 
Eggs.—Clutch, two ; very similar to the eggs of the preceding but the ground- 
colour seems darker ; axis 65 mm., diameter 44. 
Breeding-season.—August to January. 
Distribution and forms——Confined to Australia and New Zealand. Four 
subspecies are easily recognisable: H. u. wnicolor Forster from New Zealand; H. uw. 
fuliginosus Gould from South-east Australia, with a shorter, more rounded bill 
anterior to the nostrils; H. w. bernieri Mathews, from South-west Australia, with 
a browner coloration, smaller wing but longer legs ; as typical, wing 297, tarsus 51, 
against wing, 282 tarsus 56; and H. wu. opthalmicus Castelnau and Ramsay from 
Northern Australia, of smaller size but with a remarkable bare space round the eye. 
Faminy ARENARIID. 
This family containing only two species both breeding in the northern 
hemisphere and one migrating almost to the Antarctic in winter. The superficial 
features are peculiar, a conical bill with no differentiated dertrum, and a well-developed 
hind-toe, with a strong Plover-like appearance. The bill of the nestling when hatched 
is Pluvialine but in a few days it takes on the adult appearance, thus indicating the 
Pluvialine descent. The tarsus is quite peculiar, being transversely scuted in front 
and behind. No detailed examination of the osteology or anatomy appears to have 
been made, the leg muscle formula being AXY-+. By some writers the American 
genus Aphriza was included owing to the presence of the hind-toe, but the bill is 
typically Pluvialine and the tarsal covering different. Ridgway has recently allowed 
a family Aphrizide for this genus alone, but wpon insufficient grounds, as he stresses 
the presence of the hind-toe, though including the Vanelline forms in his Charadriide. 
We cannot see any reason for separating Aphriza from the Charadriidz as here 
restricted. 
Genus ARENARIA. 
Arenaria Brisson, Ornith., Vol. I., p. 48, Vol. V., p. 132, 1760. Type (by tautonymy) : 
Arenaria = Tringa interpres Linné. 
Morinella Meyer und Wolf, Taschenb. d. Végel, pt. 11., p. 383, note, (pref. March) 1810. Type 
(by monotypy): M. collaris Meyer und Wolt = Tringa interpres Linné. 
Strepsilas Iliger, Prodr. Mamm. et Av., p. 263, (pref. April) 1811. Type (by monotypy) : 
T. interpres Linné. 
Cinclus Gray, List Gen. Birds, 2nd ed., p. 85, Sept. 1841. Type (by original designation) ; 
T.. interpres Linné. 
Not of Borkhausen, Deutsch. Fauna, Vol. I, p. 300, 1797. 
Small Wading birds with short straight bill, long wings, and short and stout 
legs and feet. The bill is distinctive, being somewhat conical, almost straight 
or very slightly upturned, the culmen flattened. The nostrils are linear, situated 
near the base of the culmen, in a groove which extends nearly half the length of the 
bill. The wings are long and pointed, the first primary longest. The metatarsus, 
just exceeding the culmen in length, is transversely scutellated in front, reticulated 
behind. Hind-toe well developed, the toes not connected or webbed at all. 
tii. Arenaria interpres.—TURNSTONE. 
[Tringa interpres Linné, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., p 148, Jan. Ist, 1758: Europe. Extra-limital.] 
Gould, Vol. VI., pl. 39 (pt. xxxtv.), Dec. Ist, 1848. Mathews, Vol. III., pt. 1, pl. 125, April 
2nd, 1913. 
