162 A MANUAL OF THE BIRDS OF AUSTRALIA. 
112. Squatarola squatarola—_GREY PLOVER. 
rat squatarola Linné, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., p. 149, Jan. Ist, 1758: Sweden. Bxtra- 
imital. 
eee xt VI., pl. 12 (pt. xxxv.), Dec. Ist, 1848. Mathews, Vol. III., pt 1, pl. 132, April 
nd, : 
Charadrius hypomelus Pallas, Reise Russ. Reichs, Vol. III., p. 699, pref. Feb. 10th, O.S., 
1776: Siberia. 
Charadrius hypomelanus Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., Vol. IT., p- 138, 1827: Siberia. 
Charadrius pardela Pallas, %b., p- 142: Siberia. 
Squatarola helvetica australis Reichenbach, Novit. Syn. Av., No. v., 175, cccxu., Nos. 2683- 
2684, 1851: Australia. 
DIisTRIBULTION.—Winter visitor to Australia, breeding in northern hemisphere 
Adult male in summer-plumage—Upper-surface variegated with black, brown, 
and white ; fore-head and a line over the eye which is continued on to the sides of 
the breast white like the under wing-coverts, thighs, and under tail-coverts ; sides 
of face, throat, middle of breast and abdomen black like the axillaries ; primary- 
coverts black edged with white at the tips ; the four outer primaries black with white 
shafts and white on the inner web at the base; the fifth has a white longitudinal 
line adjoining the shaft on the outer web towards the tip which is increased on the 
sixth, on the seventh it crosses the outer web, the outer web of the eighth primary 
is almost absorbed with white, and the ninth likewise ; secondaries pale brown with 
white bases and fringed with white ; bill black, base of lower mandible purplish- 
black ; iris dark brown; feet greyish-black. Total length 290 mm.; culmen 31, 
wing 195, tail 76, tarsus 50. 
Adult female-—Very similar to the adult male. 
Adult in winter-plumage.—Differs from the adult in breeding-plumage in being 
more uniform above, the feathers dark brown, with black shaft-lines and edged with 
white ; sides of crown, sides of face, and ear-coverts streaked with brown and white ; 
a dark spot in front of each eye; throat, abdomen, and under tail-coverts white, 
the latter with spots of brown on the outer webs; primary-quills black with 
white shafts, the sixth, seventh, and eighth showing an indication of a white line 
on the outer web next to the shaft. 
An adult male, immediately after breeding, has commenced to cast off the 
nuptial-plumage, which is only retained for a short period, and has become more 
brown on the upper-surface, the white and black markings being everywhere worn 
off ; the upper tail-coverts are almost white instead of being regularly barred ; sides 
of face, throat, breast, abdomen, and sides of body chequered with white; sides of 
crown white, but the line leading to the sides of the breast scarcely defined. 
Immature of the first year —Upper-surface mottled with brown and white which 
is produced by the feathers being brown-notched on the sides and tipped with white, 
these markings more minute on the top of the head and hind-neck ; sides of crown, 
ear-coverts and sides of face streaked with pale brown and white, paler and more 
coarsely marked on the breast; axillaries black; primary- and secondary-quills 
much the same as in the adult; a short white line immediately below the eye ; 
breast and sides of body mottled with pale brown and white showing obsolete bars 
on the flanks ; throat and middle of abdomen white like the under tail-coverts. 
Young.—Dark brown above, the feathers spotted and notched with dull white 
or buff on the margins ; upper tail-coverts white, some of them tinged with buff and 
barred with brown; tail brown, barred with white, the brown becoming merged 
at the ends with marginal spots of buff ; crown of head like the back but the pattern 
much smaller; fore-head, sides of face, fore-neck, and breast minutely marked 
with longitudinal brown streaks ; throat, abdomen, under tail-coverts, and under 
wing-coverts for the most part white. 
