168 A MANUAL OF THE BIRDS OF AUSTRALIA. 
The characters are as in Cirrepidesmus, but the long powerful bill, which is 
longer than the middle toe and claw, at once characterises this genus. The culmen 
is almost half the length of the tail and two-thirds the length of the tarsus, which 
is more than one-fourth the length of the wing. These proportions are exactly 
opposite to those of Cirrepidesmus. The wing is long and pointed with first 
primary longest and the tail is short and square. The tarsus is covered throughout 
with hexagonal scales, smaller behind. 
116. Pagoa leschenaultii—LARGE SAND-DOTTEREL. 
Gould, Vol. VI., pl. 19 (pt. xxtv.), Sept. Ist, 1846 (large fig.). Mathews, Vol. III., pt. 1, pl. 
136, April 2nd, 1913. 
Charadrius leschenaultii Lesson, Dict. Sci. Nat. (Levrault), Vol. XLII., p. 36, Sept. 23rd, 1826 : 
Pondicherry, India. 
Charadrius geoffroyi Wagler, Syst. Av. Charadr., sp. 19, p. (61), Oct. 1827 : “ In Pondichery,”’ 
India. 
Charadrius columbinus Wagler, Isis, 1829, heft 6, col. 650, June (ex Hempr. und Ehrenb. MS.) : 
Arabia. 
Charadrius rufinus Blyth, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Vol. XII., pp. 169, 231, (Sept. Ist) 1843 : 
India. 
Aigialitis gigas Brehm, Vollstiindige Vogelfang, p. 283, (pref. Nov. 8th, 1854) 1855: Suez 
to East Europe. 
Charadrius columboides ‘‘ Reich.” Gray. Handl. Gen. Sp. Birds B.M., pt. m1., p. 14, (pref. July 
8th) 1871. Insynonymy of C. geoffroyi Wagler. 
Eudromias crassirostris Severtzoff, Bull. Soc. Moscow, Vol. VIIL., livr. 2 [Turkest Jevotnie.], 
p- 146, 1873: Fort Peroffsky, Turkestan. 
Eudromias magnirostris Severtzoff, Journ. fir Ornith., 1875, pt. 2, p. 183 (April). ? Error 
for preceding. 
Pagoa zanda Mathews, Emu, Vol. XVI., p. 35, July Ist, 1916: Point Torment, North-west 
Australia. 
DIsTRIBUTION.—Winter visitor to Australia, breeding in the northern hemisphere, 
Adult male in breeding-plumage—General colour above pale brown, the feathers 
everywhere showing black shaft-streaks, with a wash of cinnamon-rufous on the 
upper back and scapulars ; greater coverts brown margined and tipped with white ; 
median coverts grey ; lesser coverts dark brown fringed with white at the tips like 
the primary-coverts ; primary-quills dark brown, inner webs fringed with white 
towards the base, shaft of the first primary white, the four following white only 
towards the tips, the remaining primaries white on the outer web and fringed with 
white at the tips ; secondaries brown on the outer webs, fringed with white at the 
tip, some of the inner ones white on the outer web and pale grey on the inner one, 
the long innermost secondaries like the back ; upper tail-coverts grey, tipped with 
white ; middle tail-feathers dark brown fringed with white at the tips becoming 
paler on the outer feathers, the outermost pair being almost pure white with an 
obsolete spot of grey near the tip; crown of head, hind-neck, and a narrow collar 
round the fore-neck cinnamon-rufous, which extends more or less on to the sides of 
the upper-breast ; lores and a line across the fore-head black fringed with white ; 
a black spot below the eye; ear-coverts dark brown streaked with white ; middle 
of crown darker than the hind-neck and inclining to grey; fore-head, throat, and 
the remainder of the under-surface white including the under wing-coverts, axillaries, 
and under tail-coverts; bill black; iris brown; tarsi light brown ; feet darker 
brown. Total length 230 mm.; culmen 25, wing 140, tail 55, tarsus 37. 
Adult female in breeding-plumage——Similar to the male in nuptial-dress, but 
the characters everywhere less pronounced ; the black on the lores, fore-head, and 
under the eye being absent, the ear-coverts rufous-brown, and the middle of the 
crown more grey. 
Adult in winter-plumage.—Diflers from the breeding-plumage in the entire 
absence of cinnamon-rufous on the head, hind-neck, and collar on the fore-neck ; 
