176 A MANUAL OF THE BIRDS OF AUSTRALIA. 
Charadrius gallinaceus Wagler, Syst. Av., Charadr., sp. 50, p. (75), Oct. 1827, ex Temminck 
MS.: ‘‘ Timor” errore = New South Wales. 
Lobibyx novehollandic gracemeri Mathews, Austral Av. Rec., Vol. IT., pt. 7, p. 126, Jan. 28th, 
1915: Gracemere, Queensland. 
DistrRrsuTION.—LHast Australia, Tasmania, South Australia. 
Adult male-—Back, scapulars, and wings olive-brown, becoming paler and 
inclining to ash colour on the outer wing-coverts ; the wing with the first three 
primaries subequal, the first probably the longest ; outer, median, and primary- 
coverts black as also the primary-quills ; the latter brown at the tips and paler on 
the inner web at the base of inner primaries ; secondaries for the most part black 
with grey at the base and white on the inner web, the grey and white increasing in 
extent on the inner ones, two of which are edged with white at the tip ; the inner- 
most secondaries like the back; tail white with a subterminal broad black band, 
and white or greyish-brown tips ; head, hind-neck and a collar skirting the upper 
mantle black like the patch on the sides of the breast ; throat, cheeks and sides of 
neck white like the entire under-surface, including the under wing-coverts, axillaries, 
and under tail-coverts ; bill, wattles, and iris canary-yellow ; feet and legs very 
dark crimson ; spurs canary-yellow with black tips. Total length 360 mm. ; culmen 
34, wing 245, tail 107, tarsus 81. 
Adult female—Similar to the adult male, second and third primaries equal 
and longest, the first equal to the fourth. 
Immature——With pale tips to feathers of upper-surface. 
Nestling in down.—General colour of the upper-surface buff, mottled with 
black ; wings broadly lined with buffy-white ; fore-head ochreous-bufi ; a black 
line over the eye, which widens into a band on the upper hind-neck, this being 
followed by a white collar which extends in a narrow line on to the cheeks ; throat 
and under-surface dull-white, becoming tinged with buff on the under tail and 
thighs ; hinder portion of the thighs lined with black ; a yellow wattle above and 
in front of the eye. Iris dull blue; bill and feet slaty-blue, the lower mandible 
pale flesh colour. 
Nest.—A depression in the ground. 
Eggs.—Clutch, three to four; ground-colour green, heavily blotched with 
spots of dark purple-brown and lavender; axis 50-54 mm., diameter 36 to 
36.5. 
Breeding-season.—July to January. 
Distribution and forms.—Confined to East and South Australia and Tasmania, 
ranging northwards to mid-Queensland only. Mathews has named a northern 
race L. n. gracemeri as being smaller and paler and this may be accepted, as the 
representative species L. miles (Boddaert) of the extreme north and north-west 
is a smaller bird. 
Genus ZONIFER. 
Zonifer Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., Vol. XXIV., pp. 145, 154, (pref. July 10th) 1896. Type 
(by original designation) : Charadrius tricolor Vieillot. 
Sarciophorus Reichenbach, Nat. Syst. Vogel, p. xwmt., 1852 (? 1853). Type (by original 
designation) : C. pectoralis Wagler = C. tricolor Vieillot. 
Not of Strickland, Proc. Zool. Soc. (Lond.), p 32, 1841, Oct. 
Large Lapwings with short bills, long wings, no spurs, small facial wattle, 
short legs and small feet with no hind-toe. 
The bill is short (comparatively) and stouter than in the preceding genus ; 
in front of the eye is a small oval flesh lappet but no pendant wattle. Wings long, 
with the first three primaries subequal ; only a blunt knob on the bend of the wing. 
Tail square, with broad feathers, less than half the length of the wing. 
