326 Mr. Mallet on the Physical Conditions 



1319. The Genoese possess artillery. 

 1.326. Martos, in Spain, so besieged. 

 1327. Artillery used in Scotland. 

 1335. In use in England. 



1339. In use in France. 



1340. At Tariffa and Algesiras. 



1343. The Tunisians use it against Seville. 

 1346. In Flanders generally. 

 1350. In Italy generally. 



1353. At Nuremberg and Augsburg. 



1354. In Denmark. 



1356. Throughout the greater part of Germany. 



Thus we observe its progress northwards and westwards, and that it reaches earnest, the 

 most mercantile and voyaging peoples. 



It seems like the whispered augury of future greatness, when we find that the ^ancient 

 English fleet was armed with artillery in abundance, before it was in extended use, by any 

 of the fleets of Northern Europe, though probably long before that time the Genoese galleys 

 had been so provided. The Jloors had cannon at sea in 1342 ; the English fleet in 1347 ; 

 the Arragonese in 1359 ; the Danes in 1361. The popular statement, repeated from book 

 to book, that cannon were unknown in France before the battle of Cressy, when they 

 were first used by the English, is certainly an error; for Daniell, "Vie de Philip de 

 Valois," quotes the "Chambre des Accompts'' of Paris, " for four great cannon for Harlleur" 

 in 1338. 



Scotland very early figures in the list, and probably got her early intelligence, through 

 her constant intimacy with France and Italy, and perhaps, by the prevalent transit of 

 pilgrims to her northern shrines. 



I find it impossible to give authorities within the limits of a Note. 



Cannon of Bronze. 



The eai'liest bronze guns appear to have been cast in Europe about 1370, and seem to 

 have been produced about the same time in several of the wealthy burgher cities of Ger- 

 many and of France. Between that and 1400, bombards were cast (after the more ancient 

 models of iron) in bronze, with separate and with attached chambers (canons a boite,) the 

 ancestors of all modern breech-loading guns ; and culverines, which replaced the iron 

 serpentines, and were of enormous length, 35 to 60 calibers, and great strength towards 

 the breech, but of small caliber. Many examples remain of a later date; one at Dover 

 Castle; another in the Dial-square, Woolwich Arsenal ; and the celebrated one of Nancy 

 (1598), above 21 feet in length (Piobert " Traite," Fig. 48), carrying about an 18-lb. iron ball. 



Froissart mentions one of 50 feet in length ; but in this there surely must be some 



