144 CORVUS ALBUS 



the day. After this we never saw our new friend again, 

 for the south end of the Dead Sea appears his northern 

 limit; nor did we ever meet with C. umhrinns north of 

 Jerusalem, not even in the upper part of the Jordan valley. 

 Neither does it ever descend to the coast, where C. corax 

 alone is found." 



Blanford (Geol. & Zool. Abyss, p. 393) writes: "It 

 abounds everywhere on the highlands and in the sub- 

 tropical zone, and it descends almost to the sea-level at 

 times. When I first visited Komayli, at the base of the 

 hills, in January, the only Crow to be seen was C. scapulatus, 

 but in February, after some rain had fallen, C. affinis 

 abounded. In the former instance I first met with this 

 species at about 3,000 feet, near Mayen. In May it had 

 retreated once more to its former range, and the white- 

 breasted Crow alone was to be seen in the tropical region; 

 in ascending to the Bogos country it first appeared on the 

 Lepka at about 12,000 feet above the sea, at Ain." 



According to I\Ir. Oscar Neumann they breed in February. 



Corvus albus. 



Corvus albus, P. L. S. Miill. S. N. Suppl. p. 85 (1776) Senegal; 



Kleinscbmiclt, .J. f. O. 1906, p. 90. 

 Corvus scapulatus, Daud. Traite ii. p. 232 (1800) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. 



iii. p. 22 (1877) ; Milne, Edw. & Grand. Hist. Madag. i. p. 444 ; Atlas 



ii. pi. 177 ; iii. pi. 304, fig. 6, egg (1879) ; Shelley, B. Afr. I. No. 



G34 (1896) ; Johnston, Brit. Centr. Afr. p. 330 (1897) ; Reichen. Vog. 



Afr. ii. p. 634 (1903); Shortridge, Ibis, 1903, p. 174 Pondoland ; 



Grant, /. c. p. 255, Shoa ; Whitehead, Ibis, 1904, p. 223 Orange E. ; 



Alexander, t. c. p. 359 Fernando Po ; Kemp, Ibis, 1905, pp. 214, 247 



Sierra Leone; A. L. Butler, <. c. p. 326 Soudan; Neum. J. f. 0. 



1905, p. 230 N. E. Africa. 

 Corvus scapularis, Leach in Tuckey. Exped. Zaire, p. 407 (1818). 

 Corvus scapularis, var. sethiops, Hempr. & Ehr. Symb. Phys. fol. z (1828). 

 " Corvus dauricus, Lath." Desj. P. Z. S. 1831, p. 45 Madagascar. 



