204 BIRD GALLERY. 
Fig. I’. 
Diagram showing (1) section of barbs (ramz) and (2, 3) interlocking 
barbules (radii). (After Pycraft.) 
tail, in birds which possess full powers of flight, are always well- 
developed and conspicuously large (p, 203). 
Semiplumes are degenerate contour-feathers and have discontinuous 
vanes. Sometimes they are of great size and beauty and are accordingly 
much prized for decorative purposes. For instance “ Marabou ” feathers 
are the semiplumes of the Marabou and Adjutant-Storks. 
Down-feathers are very delicate in structure, the shaft, when present, 
being very short and weak, whilst the barbs are long and fragile. 
They are almost always hidden below the contour-feathers, but are 
occasionally exposed and form the ruff round the neck of the Condor 
and certain Vultures. In water-birds these feathers form a thick under- 
clothing recalling the under-fur of Mammals, and often, as in the 
Swans and Eider-Ducks, have a considerable commercial value. Some 
birds, such as the Game-birds, Pigeons, and Hornbills, have no 
down-feathers. 
Filo-plumes are long hair-like feathers bearing a minute vane at the 
tip, and occur in clusters round the base of the contour-feathers. In 
some birds, for instance in the Cormorants, they appear on the surface 
of certain parts of the body, notably on the head and neck. 
Powder-down feathers occur only in a few groups of birds, either 
sparsely scattered over the body, as in Parrots and certain Hawks, or in 
patches on the breast and thighs, as in the Herons. They are remark- 
able for their extreme friability, constantly breaking up at their tips 
into a fine powder, which feels smooth and almost greasy to the touch. 
Nothing is known concerning the development or use of these extra- 
ordinary feathers. 
The long stiff bristles, which occur round the mouth of certain birds, 
such as the Nightjars, or form eyelashes in others, for instance in the 
Ostrich and Ground-Hornbill, and the peculiar tuft which hangs from 
the breast of the Turkey, are degenerate contour-feathers, which have 
lost their vanes. 
