AMERICAN WARBLERS. 129 



36, page 61, H and I ). The walls of the stomach of the Rcdslaii arc thicker than 

 in the Yellow, but not as muscular as in the Cliestnut-sided (see Fig. 56, U, and 

 compare with Fig. 36, page 61, C and H ). The fold of the duodenum is about nor- 

 mal in length, measuring .50 ( see Fig. 56, W), The intestines are proportionate- 

 ly rather long, measuring about 3.75 from the pyloric exit of the stomach to the 

 rudimentary coecal appendages, and are closely coiled ; from the duodenal fold they 

 curve outward for one turn, then inward to make such an abrupt turn outward and 

 forward as to form a button-like protuberance. They now gradually unwind cut- 

 ward, and, keeping inside the first turn, pass forward outside the fold of the duode- 

 num, then under it backward to the vent ( see Fig. 56. X ). Although this method 

 of intestinal winding is about typical of the Warblers, the closeness (4' the turns and 

 the button-like jirotuberance are unusual, somewhat resembling the intestines of the 

 Flycatchers. The intestines in the Redstart make three full turns, while in most 

 warblers there are ouly two and a half. 



The sternum has a lower keel than in the Wood Warblers ( see Fig. 56, B, 

 and compare with Fig. 9, page 5, A ) ; in tact, nearly as low as in the Yellow-throat- 

 ed Warblers, but the coracoids are not as long as in that group ( see Fig. 9, B, page 

 5 ). As in other warblers the costal process is pointed terminally ( sec Fig. 56, O ), 

 and the terminal process of the furcula is elongated. In the flycatchers the keel is 

 high, the costal proceess rounded, and the expansion of the furcula short and round- 

 ed ( see Fig. 56, R, S, and 1) . 



SUMMARY. 



In some habits the Painted Warblers resemble the flycatchers. The bill 

 is quite like that uf the flycatchers, while the presence of the long, rather abund- 

 ant rictal bristles makes this resemblance more complete. The rictal bristles, 

 however, do not have basal tufts as in the flycatchers. 



The skull and brain are not unlike those of the flycatchers, but the pillaretts 

 in the skull are more simple. 



The tongue suggests those of the smaller flycatchers, but is clearly modified 

 from a warbler type. 



The vocal organs of the Redstart are clearly those of a warbler, and conse- 

 quently of a Singing Percher. 



The alimentary canal is similar to that of the warblers, excepting that the 

 intestines suggest those of the flycatchers. The sternum is that of a w'arbler in 

 all of its characters. 



GENERAL CONCLUSIONS. 

 Although the Painted Warblers closely resemble Flycatchers, they are clear- 

 ly Warblers with certain parts modifled to enable the birds to capture insects in 

 the air, these modifications being along similar lines to those found in the Fly- 

 catchers for similar purposes. A careftil examination of the vocal organs will, 

 however, forever settle the question as to whether the Painted Warblers belong to 

 the Singing or Songless Perchers. 



