PARENTAL CARE AMONG FRESH-WATER FISHES. 441 



itself was lost sight of or confounded with another for more than a 

 score of centuries. Then it was reserved for a naturalist of a new 

 world to attemi^t to revive it, and to a follower of his still living to 

 establish it as a distinct spe-cies and to tell us what it really is. 



The Glanis is so exceptionally interesting, as well as so little known, 

 that the other sections relating to it, as translated by Agassiz (with 

 a few alterations), are added herewith. It may be seen then how 

 much naturalists, as well as fishermen of classical Greece, knew about 

 at least one of her fishes.'' 



The cordylus (a salamander) swims with its feet and its tail ; and it has a 

 tail like the Glanis. — Aristotle, Hist. An., 1, 5, 3. 



Of fishes that have gills, some have simple gills and some have double ; but 

 the last, nearest the body, is in all cases simple. And some have few gills, 

 others have many, but all have an equal number on both sides. Those that 

 have the fewest have one on each side, but that double, as the capros ; others 

 have two on each side, one simple, the other double, as the conger eel and the 

 scarus ; others have four simple ones on each side, as the elops. the synagris, 

 the muraena, and the eel ; and others still have four, but in two lines, except 

 the last, as the kichle {crenilahrusf), the perke (perch), the Glanis, kyp- 

 rinos (carp?).— 76/f7., //, 9, .',. 



Of those belonging to the sea, and having lungs, the dolphin has no gall-blad- 

 der ; but all birds and fishes have the gall-bladder, the egg-laying, the four- 

 footed, and, to speak generally, sometimes more, sometimes less. But some of 

 the fishes have it on the liver, as the Galeodes (sharks), the Glanis, the rhine 

 (angel fish), the leiobatos (a skate), the narke (torpedo) ; and of the long 

 fishes, the enchelys (eel), the belone (pipefish), and the zyga?na (hammerheaded 

 shark).— /?>j(Z., 77, ii, 7. 



The river and lake fishes are exempt from pestilential disease, but some of 

 them have peculiar disorders, as the Glanis, which, about the time of the dog- 

 star, by reason of swimming on the surface, becomes sun-struck, and is stupe- 

 fied by loud thunder ; and many glanides in shallow water perish by the bite of 

 Huakes.— Ibid., VIII, 20, 12. 



One passage relative to the Glanis has been overlooked by Agassiz 

 and is here translated from the original Greek: 



River and pond fishes are best after spawning and milting, when they have 

 recovered their bodily vigor. Some are good during the spawning season, as 

 the saperdis ; others bad, as the Glanis. The males of almost all species are 

 better than the females, but the female glanis is better than the male. (Aris- 

 totle, Hist., T777, 29, 5.) 



Notwithstanding the interest attaching to such a fish, no illustra- 

 tion of the Glanis has yet appeared, and undoubtedly the accompany- 

 ing portrait of one of the original types will be welcome to all. We 

 are indebted to the Museum of Comparative Zoology, and especially 

 Mr. Garman, for the specimen requisite to fill this desideratum 

 ^fig25). 



« It is of course to be understood that the deficiencies of information mani- 

 fest in some of the statements by Aristotle are not here made good. 

 SM 1905 32 



