558 RUDOBPH ALBERT VON KOLLTKER, M. D. 



and allied subjects. At Zurich he listened to the stimidating lec- 

 tures of Oken on zoology ; in 1889, in Bonn, he attended the cUnic of 

 Nasse, who gave his lectures in Latin. The future anatomist tells 

 how at the clinic at Bonn he was unable to find the vein in the arm 

 of a very fat lady patient who was ordered to be bled. The turn- 

 ing point in his career came in Berlin in 1839, where he fell under 

 the spell of Johannes Mfiller and Jakob Henle, Avhose influence on 

 him was powerful. Under Miiller he studied comparative anatomy 

 and pathological anatomy, and luider Henle normal histology. 

 Henle instilled into him the epoch-marking doctrines of Schwann 

 and directed his attention to the microscopical structure of the body. 

 Tliere also he got much encouragement from Ehrnberg, Meyen, and 

 Robert Remak. He took a private course under Remak, who gave 

 lectures and demonstrations at his own house on " Development of 

 the chick." This led in future years to a study of development in 

 mammals and many other animals and to the publication in 18()1 of 

 his Entwickl.ungsgeschichte des Menschen und der hoheren Thiere. 



KoUiker tells how, at his Staats-examen, he knew all about the 

 finest branches of the cranial nerves, the structure of the ear, brain,' 

 and eye, yet he could not answer a simple question on the portal 

 vein. In the session of 1841—12 he became assistant to Henle, who at 

 that time was professor of anatomy at Zurich. In 1842 began the 

 first of a series of journeys to other lands, which were always utilized 

 for scientific purposes. The first was undertaken with Niigeli to 

 Naples, where he devoted his time to comparative anatomy of aquatic 

 forms, a subject which began to be studied in the thirties and forties 

 by Stannius, ^Y. Peters, J. Midler, Milne-Edwards, and Quatrefages. 

 While there he made eight researches in all, on amphioxus, ceph- 

 alopoda, on the hectocotylus of Argonauta, and kindred subjects. 

 After Henle left Zurich in 1844 to go to Heidelberg the chair in 

 Zurich was divided, and K()lliker, at the age of 27, became professor 

 of physiology and comparative anatomy, with an income of 1,200 

 francs. In 1847, when 30 years of age, he w"as called to Wiirzburg, 

 largely through the influence of Henle and the then rector. Professor 

 Rinecker. Originally at Heidelberg he taught physiology, but Kol- 

 liker made it a condition that as soon as the chair of anatomy be- 

 came vacant he was to have it, for he desired to devote himself to 

 microscopical anatomy. During the Zurich period he published 

 papers on the Pacinian corpuscles, the tissues of the tadpole, inde- 

 pendence of the sympathetic nervous system, development of Ceph- 

 alopoda^ on blood, spermatozoa, and the structure of smooth muscle. 

 By the use of nitric acid he showed that smooth muscle is made up 

 of fusiform cells. He also foinid that celltilose existed in the skin 

 of tunicates. 



