﻿THE 
  INSECTS 
  OF 
  NEW 
  JERSEY. 
  23 
  

  

  use 
  in 
  tucking 
  in 
  the 
  elaborately 
  folded 
  hind 
  wings 
  beneath 
  the 
  

   short 
  wing-covers. 
  The 
  transformations 
  are 
  incomplete. 
  

  

  The 
  Colcoptera, 
  or 
  sheath-winged 
  insects, 
  commonly 
  called 
  

   beetles, 
  illustrate 
  the 
  extreme 
  of 
  this 
  line 
  of 
  development. 
  They 
  

   have 
  the 
  fore 
  wings 
  hardened 
  so 
  as 
  to 
  be 
  useless 
  for 
  purposes 
  of 
  

   flight, 
  and 
  they 
  are 
  laid 
  on 
  the 
  back 
  so 
  as 
  to 
  meet 
  in 
  a 
  straight 
  

   line 
  down 
  the 
  middle. 
  The 
  secondaries 
  are 
  folded 
  transversely 
  

   under 
  the 
  wing-covers 
  or 
  elytra, 
  and 
  the 
  metamorphosis 
  is 
  com- 
  

   plete. 
  

  

  The 
  third 
  and 
  last 
  of 
  the 
  mandibulate 
  series 
  is 
  that 
  in 
  which 
  

   all 
  the 
  thoracic 
  rings 
  are 
  united 
  together 
  to 
  form 
  a 
  more 
  or 
  less 
  

   compact 
  or 
  even, 
  barrel-shaped 
  mass. 
  The 
  head 
  is 
  now 
  free 
  from 
  

   the 
  thorax 
  and 
  united 
  to 
  it 
  only 
  by 
  a 
  slender 
  neck. 
  A 
  fly, 
  a 
  bee 
  

   or 
  a 
  butterfly 
  will 
  serve 
  as 
  an 
  illustration. 
  

  

  The 
  ancestry 
  of 
  this 
  series 
  began 
  in 
  the 
  aquatic 
  forms 
  passing 
  

   the 
  larval 
  stages 
  under 
  water, 
  and 
  the 
  Bphemerida 
  or 
  day-flies 
  are 
  

   the 
  earliest 
  types. 
  The 
  larvae 
  live 
  in 
  the 
  mud 
  of 
  stream 
  and 
  other 
  

   water 
  bodies 
  in 
  immense 
  numbers 
  and, 
  when 
  full 
  grown, 
  change 
  

   to 
  frail, 
  gossamer-winged 
  flies 
  which 
  have 
  the 
  fore 
  wings 
  larger 
  

   than 
  the 
  second 
  pair 
  and 
  both 
  pairs 
  held 
  uprig'ht 
  like 
  those 
  of 
  

   butterflies 
  when 
  at 
  rest. 
  Most 
  of 
  the 
  species 
  have 
  slender 
  anal 
  

   filaments, 
  the 
  mouth 
  parts 
  are 
  aborted 
  and 
  the 
  life 
  period 
  is 
  very 
  

   short 
  in 
  the 
  adult 
  stage, 
  though 
  as 
  larvse 
  they 
  may 
  live 
  for 
  years. 
  

   The 
  transformations 
  are 
  incomplete. 
  

  

  The 
  Odonata 
  or 
  dragon 
  flies 
  are 
  also 
  aquatic 
  in 
  the 
  larval 
  stage 
  

   and 
  in 
  their 
  day 
  were 
  numerous 
  and 
  well 
  developed. 
  They 
  have 
  

   two 
  pairs 
  of 
  flat, 
  net-veined, 
  similar 
  wings, 
  and 
  they 
  are 
  predatory 
  

   in 
  habit. 
  The 
  larvae 
  live 
  in 
  the 
  mud 
  of 
  ponds 
  and 
  among 
  water 
  

   plants, 
  feeding 
  upon 
  any 
  soft-bodied 
  insects 
  that 
  come 
  in 
  their 
  

   way, 
  and 
  the 
  pupa 
  is 
  as 
  active 
  as 
  the 
  larva. 
  The 
  order 
  has 
  many 
  

   structural 
  peculiarities 
  in 
  all 
  stages 
  and 
  'has 
  no 
  descendants, 
  the 
  

   line 
  now 
  tending 
  tO' 
  become 
  lost. 
  

  

  From 
  the 
  Ephemerid 
  type 
  two 
  lines 
  diverged 
  in 
  larval 
  struc- 
  

   ture 
  — 
  one 
  to 
  a 
  caterpillar-like 
  larva 
  living 
  in 
  mud 
  and 
  moist 
  

   places 
  generally, 
  the 
  other 
  toward 
  a 
  similar 
  larva 
  living 
  in 
  

   water 
  and 
  building 
  a 
  tube 
  or 
  case 
  for 
  protection. 
  The 
  latter 
  are 
  

   known 
  as 
  Trichoptera 
  or 
  "caddice-flies," 
  the 
  larvae 
  either 
  preda- 
  

   tory 
  or 
  plant-feeding. 
  The 
  adults 
  have 
  the 
  wings 
  more 
  or 
  less 
  

  

  