﻿Order 
  MALLOPHAQA. 
  

  

  This 
  order 
  contains 
  the 
  "biting 
  lice," 
  infesting 
  warm-blooded 
  animals 
  

   generally, 
  but 
  so 
  commonly 
  found 
  on 
  birds 
  that 
  the 
  term 
  "bird-lice" 
  has 
  

   come 
  to 
  be 
  generally 
  used 
  for 
  them. 
  They 
  do 
  not 
  suck 
  blood, 
  the 
  mouth 
  

   parts 
  being 
  formed 
  for 
  biting 
  only, 
  but 
  live 
  among 
  the 
  hair 
  and 
  feathers 
  

   of 
  their 
  hosts, 
  subsisting 
  upon 
  what 
  they 
  can 
  scrape 
  from 
  the 
  surface. 
  

   While 
  they 
  do 
  not 
  actually 
  puncture 
  the 
  skin 
  or 
  feed 
  on 
  living 
  tissue, 
  

   they 
  gnaw 
  the 
  soft 
  material 
  at 
  the 
  base 
  of 
  hair 
  and 
  feathers, 
  eat 
  the 
  

   particles 
  of 
  dry 
  scurf, 
  the 
  clotted 
  blood 
  at 
  the 
  edge 
  of 
  a 
  scratch 
  or 
  other 
  

   wound, 
  and 
  create 
  a 
  more 
  or 
  less 
  constant 
  irritation, 
  which 
  is 
  likely 
  to 
  

   result 
  in 
  a 
  loss 
  of 
  hair 
  or 
  plumage 
  and 
  a 
  consequent 
  mangy 
  appearance. 
  

   I 
  have 
  seen 
  ill 
  kept 
  dairy 
  cattle 
  with 
  patches 
  bare 
  of 
  hair 
  from 
  this 
  cause. 
  

   In 
  shape 
  these 
  parasites 
  are 
  flattened, 
  elongate 
  oval, 
  with 
  a 
  large 
  obtuse 
  

   head, 
  and 
  often 
  bulging 
  ej-e 
  prominences. 
  The 
  eggs 
  are 
  attached 
  to 
  hair 
  

   or 
  feathers, 
  and 
  the 
  young 
  resemble 
  the 
  adults 
  in 
  general 
  appearance, 
  

   there 
  being 
  no 
  obvious 
  transformations. 
  Practically 
  all 
  birds, 
  wild 
  as 
  

   well 
  as 
  domesticated, 
  are 
  infested, 
  and 
  in 
  this 
  list 
  Prof. 
  Herbert 
  Osborn, 
  

   of 
  the 
  Ohio 
  State 
  University, 
  who 
  has 
  been 
  good 
  enough 
  to 
  aid 
  me 
  in 
  its 
  

   preparation, 
  has 
  indicated 
  all 
  the 
  species 
  whose 
  host 
  is 
  known 
  to 
  occur 
  in 
  

   New 
  Jersey; 
  for 
  where 
  the 
  host 
  occurs 
  the 
  parasite 
  is 
  almost 
  sure 
  to 
  be 
  

   found 
  when 
  sought. 
  

  

  The 
  list 
  as 
  it 
  stands 
  contains 
  just 
  one 
  hundred 
  species. 
  It 
  is 
  probable 
  

   that 
  a 
  few 
  of 
  these 
  will 
  never 
  be 
  found, 
  either 
  because 
  the 
  birds 
  them- 
  

   selves 
  are 
  very 
  occasional 
  visitors, 
  e. 
  g., 
  the 
  Pelicans, 
  or 
  because 
  the 
  distri- 
  

   bution 
  of 
  the 
  parasite 
  is 
  really 
  a 
  very 
  limited 
  one. 
  On 
  the 
  other 
  hand, 
  

   only 
  a 
  small 
  proportion 
  of 
  our 
  wild 
  birds 
  have 
  been 
  closely 
  examined, 
  and 
  

   it 
  is 
  at 
  least 
  probable 
  that 
  a 
  large 
  percentage 
  of 
  those 
  from 
  which 
  no 
  

   parasites 
  are 
  yet 
  reported 
  will 
  be 
  found 
  to 
  be 
  infested. 
  So 
  I 
  believe 
  that 
  

   the 
  list 
  will 
  be 
  increased 
  rather 
  than 
  lessened 
  as 
  the 
  result 
  of 
  future 
  work. 
  

  

  Remedial 
  measures 
  for 
  domesticated 
  birds 
  are 
  plenty 
  of 
  dust, 
  with 
  

   which 
  they 
  may 
  thoroughly 
  powder 
  themselves, 
  and 
  the 
  free 
  use 
  of 
  white- 
  

   wash 
  and 
  crude 
  petroleum 
  in 
  chicken 
  and 
  other 
  fowl-houses. 
  Horses 
  and 
  

   cattle 
  may 
  be 
  thoroughly 
  brushed 
  occasionaly 
  with 
  a 
  stiff 
  brush 
  dipped 
  

   from 
  time 
  to 
  time 
  in 
  crude 
  petroleum. 
  Kerosene 
  must 
  not 
  be 
  used, 
  because 
  

   it 
  is 
  likely 
  to 
  take 
  out 
  the 
  hair. 
  Where 
  its 
  application 
  is 
  convenient 
  on 
  

   small 
  birds, 
  carbolated 
  vaseline 
  can 
  be 
  employed 
  to 
  good 
  advantage. 
  On 
  

   other 
  animals 
  carbolated 
  soaps, 
  miscible 
  oils 
  and 
  other 
  materials 
  of 
  that 
  

   character 
  may 
  be 
  used, 
  and, 
  in 
  general, 
  the 
  amount 
  of 
  success 
  is 
  in 
  pro- 
  

   portion 
  to 
  the 
  determination 
  and 
  persistence 
  of 
  the 
  person 
  making 
  the 
  

   application. 
  

  

  Family 
  PHILOPTERID^. 
  

  

  The 
  antennae 
  are 
  filiform, 
  five-jointed, 
  exposed; 
  the 
  tarsi 
  have 
  two 
  claws, 
  

   and 
  all 
  the 
  species 
  are 
  parasitic 
  on 
  birds. 
  

  

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