INTRODUCTION 17 
Birds of the Hercynian Forest made its appearance at Pappenheim in 
1745. In 1756 Kramer published at Vienna a modest Elenchus of the 
plants and animals of Lower Austria, and J. D. Petersen produced at 
Altona in 1766 a Verzeichniss balthischer Vogel; while in 1791 J. B. 
Fischer’s Versuch einer Naturgeschichte von Livland appeared at Kéonigs- 
berg. Next year Beseke brought out at Mitau his Beytrag zur Naturge- 
schichte der Vogel Kurlands, and in 1794 Siemssen’s Handbuch of the 
Birds of Mecklenburg was published at Rostock. But these works, 
locally useful as they may have been, did not occupy the whole attention 
of German ornithologists, for in 1791, Bechstein reached the second 
volume of his Gemetnniitzige Naturgeschichte Deutschlands, treating of the 
Birds of that country, which ended with the fourth in 1795. Of this an 
abridged edition by the name of Ornithologisches Taschenbuch appeared in 
1802 and 1803, with a supplement in 1812; while between 1805 and 
1809 a fuller edition of the original was issued. Moreover in 1795 
J. A. Naumann humbly began at Cothen a treatise on the Birds of the 
principality of Anhalt, which on its completion in 1804 was found to 
have swollen into an ornithology of Northern Germany and the neigh- 
bouring countries. Eight supplements were successively published be- 
tween 1805 and 1817, and in 1822 a new edition was required. This 
Naturgeschichte der Vogel Deutschlands, being almost wholly re-written by 
his son J. F. Naumann, is by far the best thing of the kind as yet pro- 
duced in any country. The fulness and accuracy of the text combined 
with the neat beauty of its coloured plates, have gone far to promote the 
study of Ornithology in Germany, and while essentially a popular work, 
since it is suited to the comprehension of all readers, it is throughout 
written with a simple dignity that commends it to the serious and 
scientific. Its twelfth and last volume was published in 1844—by no 
means too long a period for so arduous and honest a performance,—and a 
supplement was begun in 1847; but, the author dying in 1857, this 
continuation was finished in 1860 by the joint efforts of J. H. Blasius and 
Baldamus. In 1800 Borkhausen with others commenced at Darmstadt a 
Teutsche Ornithologie in folio which appeared at intervals till 1812, and 
remains unfinished, though a reissue of the portion published took place 
between 1837 and 1841. 
Other countries on the Continent, though not quite so prolific as 
Germany, bore some ornithological fruit at this period; but in all 
Southern Europe only four faunal products can be named :—the Saggzo di 
Storia Naturale Bresciana of Pilati, published at Brescia in 1769; the 
Ornitologia del? Europa Meridionale of Bernini, published at Parma 
between 1772 and 1776; the Uccelli di Sardegna of Cetti, published at 
Sassari in 1776; and the Romana Ornithologia of Gilius, published at 
Rome in 1781—the last being in great part devoted to Pigeons and 
Poultry. More appeared in the North, for in 1770 Amsterdam sent forth 
the beginning of Nozeman’s Nederlandsche Vogelen, a fairly-illustrated 
work in folio, but only completed by Houttuyn in 1829, and in Scan- 
dinavia most of all was done. In 1746 the great Linneus had produced 
a Fauna Svecica, of which a second edition appeared in 1761, and a third 
revised by Retzius in 1800. In 1764 Briinnich published at Copenhagen 
