28 BARGANDER—BASIPTERYGOID PROCESSES 
Marshall (London: 1870-71, 4to), who divide the Family into 
three subfamilies :—Pogonorhynchinx, with 3 genera and 15 species; 
Megaleminz, with 6 genera and 44 species; and Capitonine, with 
4 genera and 18 species. Since the appearance of that work one 
new genus and some thirty new species have been described. 
Supposing that the subfamilies above named be truly established, 
it would seem that the Capitoninz, of which members are now to be 
found in the New World as well as in Africa and Asia, may from 
its wide distribution be regarded as the most ancient, and next the 
Pogonorhynchine, inhabiting both America and Africa, while the 
Megaleminx, restricted to Africa and Asia, appears to be the most 
modern subfamily, and two genera belonging to it, Megalema and 
Xantholema are found in India and Ceylon. They are birds mostly 
of a bright green plumage, some of them variegated, especially on 
the head, with scarlet, violet, blue, or yellow—though others are 
plainly coloured. All of them seem to live chiefly on fruit, but 
insects occasionally form part of their food, and in captivity they 
become carnivorous. They breed in holes of trees, laying white 
eggs, and most, if not all of them, utter a clear ringing note, so loud 
as to attract general attention. The cry of Xantholema indica is 
especially resonant ;, and, being accompanied by a peculiar motion 
of the head, has obtained for the bird in some of the native languages 
a name signifying COPPERSMITH, by which English rendering it is 
also known to Anglo-Indians. 
BARGANDER or BERGANDER, a local name, of uncertain origin 
and spelling, of the SHELD-DRAKE. 
BARKER, a name locally applied, from their cry, to the Black- 
tailed Gopwit and the AvosET in the days when they inhabited 
England. Albin, a very poor authority, figured under this name 
what was certainly a GREENSHANK, though Montagu took it to be 
Toianus fuscus, and hence an error has found its way (sub voce) into 
Dr. Murray’s New English Dictionary. 
BARLEY-BIRD, a name given in some parts to the Yellow 
WAGTAIL, in others to the WRYNECK—but in both cases from their 
appearing at the time of barley-sowing. By some authors it is said, 
but obviously in error, to be applied to the SISKIN. 
BARWING, the Anglo-Indian name for birds of the genus 
Actinodura, from the black bar or bars which the wings of most of 
them present. The genus is usually placed in the ill-defined Family 
Timeliide. 
BASIPTERYGOID PROCESSES are a pair of bony outgrowths 
on the right and left side of the body of the basisphenoid, forming 
the principal articulation of the pterygoids with the basis cranii. 
Such processes are well developed in all the Ratite, Crypturi, 
