76 CARDINAL—CAROTIDS 
CARDINAL, the name given in different parts of the world to 
various birds from their scarlet plumage, but perhaps originally 
to the North-American Lozia cardinalis of Linneus, the Cardinalis 
virginianus of modern authors, a beautiful and favourite cage-bird, 
which, according to Parker, is one of the Hmberizidx (BUNTING). 
It is also known as the “ Virginian Nightingale” and “Red Bird.” 
In the United States it does not usually occur to the northward of 
lat. 40°; but it is common in and one of the most characteristic 
birds of Bermuda. Other birds on which the name “Cardinal ” 
has been bestowed belong to the Fincuxs, TANAGERS, and WEAVER- 
BIRDS. 
CARIAMA, see SERIEMA. 
CARINATAL, that division of the Class AVES possessing a 
“keel” (carina) to the sternum, and accordingly so named by 
Merrem in 1812 (Abhandl. Akad. Wissensch. Berlin, 1812-13, 
Physik. Kl. p. 238); but generally overlooked by systematists until 
prominently brought forward by Prof. Huxley (Proc. Zool. Soe. 
1867, p. 418) as one of the three “Orders” recognized by him, 
and in the present work regarded as forming a Subclass (see 
INTRODUCTION). It may here be observed, however, that among 
the Carinatz are to be included a few forms such as Cnemiornis 
(CEREOPSIS), Didus (Dopo), and Strigops (KAKAPO), in which the 
keel of the sternum is nearly or wholly wanting, presumably 
through disuse of their volant powers. 
CAROTIDS (from xapaéris) are the principal arteries which, 
arising from the brachiocephalic arteries, ascend the neck and supply 
the head. They exhibit several modifications which have been 
investigated chiefly by Nitzsch and by Garrod; but their taxo- 
nomic value is limited. ‘They shew the following seven arrange- 
ments :— 
1. The right and the left carotids converge towards the middle 
line and run side by side (or the left covering the right) in a furrow 
along the ventral surface of the cervical vertebre. This is 
their normal and original condition, and is found in the majority of 
Birds. 
2. The two carotids fuse into one, for the greater length of the 
neck ; this “carotis conjuncta” is generally imbedded in a special 
median osseous canal formed by the vertebra; the right and left 
root or basal portions are both functional, although one of them 
is sometimes weaker, as in Herodii, Phcenicopterus, and some Old- 
World Parrots. 
3. There is one carotis conjuncta, but the right root, i.e. the 
basal portion of the original right carotis, has been obliterated. The 
artery is a so-called “carotis primaria sinistra.” Such ‘“ Aves levo- 
carolidine ” (Garrod) are very frequent, e.g. Rhea and Apteryx among 
