CHEPSTER—CHOUGH 87 
CHEPSTER, possibly a corruption of Shepster, a STARLING. 
CHERRY-BIRD, a name of the CEDAR-BIRD. 
CHERRY-PICKER, the Tasmanian name, according to Gould 
(Handb. B. Austral, i. p. 565), of a species of Melithreptus (HONEY- 
SUCKER. 
CHERRY-SUCKER, a name absurdly given in some parts of 
England to the Spotted FLycaTcHER. 
CHICKADEE, a North American name for various species of 
TirtmousE—no doubt from their call-note. 
CHICKEN, abbreviated CHICK, the young of any bird, but 
generally signifying that of the domestic Fowt. 
CHIFFCHAFF, occasionally CHIPCHOP, Phylloscopus collybita, 
or rufus of some authors, the smallest of the three native species of 
the genus, which are often called collectively Willow- WRENS. 
The name is doubtless an attempt to syllable the bird’s ordinary 
cry (see SONG), and seems to be first found in Gilbert White’s 
Observations (p. 77) published in 1795 after his death by Aiken, 
CHOAN 4: (xodvn, a tube or funnel) are the internal openings 
of the nasal cavities into the mouth, situated on the palate or roof 
of the mouth, generally between the maxillo-palatine and pterygoid 
bones. 
CHOK, a name used in the Cape Colony for one of the EAGLzs, 
Aquila rapaz (Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 10). 
CHOUGH, a bird much better known, generally with the prefix 
“Cornish,” by name than by observation, the Pyrrhocorax or Fregilus 
graculus of ornithology, one of the Corvidx (Crow), and formerly 
a denizen of the precipitous cliffs of the south coast of England, of 
Wales, of the west and north coast of Ireland, of the south of 
Scotland, and some of the Hebrides, but now greatly reduced in 
numbers, and only found in such places as are most free from the 
intrusion of man or of the DAw, Corvus monedula, which last seems to 
be gradually dispossessing it of its sea-girt strongholds, and its 
present scarcity is probably in the main due to its persecution by 
its kindred. In Britain, indeed, it would appear to be only one of 
the survivors of a more ancient fauna, for in other countries where 
it is found it has been driven inland, and inhabits the higher 
mountains of Europe and North Africa. In the Himalayas a larger 
form occurs, which has been specifically distinguished, P. hima- 
layanus, but whether justifiably so may be doubted. The general 
colour is a glossy black with steel-blue reflections, and it has the 
bill and legs bright red.1_ Another species, P. alpinus, is altogether 
1 Shakespear’s expression, ‘‘russet-pated choughs” (J/ids.-Night’s Dream, act 
iii. sc. ii,) has much exercised his commentators. Some see in it that ‘‘ pated” 
