112 CRA NIUM—CREST 
being visited in winter by four of the species already named, 
has two that are peculiar to it, G. collaris and G@. antigone. The 
Australian Region possesses a large species known to the colonists 
as the “Native Companion,” G. australasiana ; while the Nearctic 
area is tenanted by two species, G. americana and G. canadensis, to 
say nothing of the possibility of a fourth, G. schlegeli, a little-known 
and somewhat obscure bird, finding its habitat here. In the 
Ethiopian Region we have two species, G. paradisea and G. carun- 
culata, which do not occur out of Africa, as well as two others 
forming the group known as “Crowned Cranes”—differing much 
from other members of the family, and justifiably placed in a 
separate genus, Balearica. One of these, Bb. pavonina, inhabits 
Northern and Western Africa, while the other, B. chrysopelargus or 
regulorum, is confined to the eastern and southern parts of that 
continent.} 
CRANIUM (latinized from xpaviov, a skull) anatomically 
applied to the bony and cartilaginous parts of the skull with- 
out the jaws and the palato-pterygo-quadrate bones, and therefore 
practically equivalent to those parts which enclose the cranial cavity 
and the three principal sense-organs (see SKELETON). 
CREEPER (Dutch Kruiper, Swedish Krypare, Norsk Kryber), a 
term employed by ornithologists in a very vague sense, but chiefly 
to render Certhia as used by Linnzeus and his immediate successors, 
and thus including forms belonging to more perfectly distinct 
Families than can here be named ; for it was customary to thrust 
therein almost every outlandish Passerine bird which could not be 
conveniently assigned to any other of the then recognized genera, 
provided only that it had a somewhat attenuated and decurved bill. 
Taken by itself, “Creeper” signifies nothing in modern ornithology, 
and provincially it is very frequently used for the NUTHATCH. 
With a prefix, as TREE-CREEPER, it has a much more definite 
meaning, and in England is the Certhia familiaris of Linneus. 
CREST.  Feathery crests need no further comment than 
that they seem to be entirely ornamental, favourite objects of sexual 
selection, and therefore mostly developed in the male sex; they are 
generally erectile by the aid of cutaneous and subcutaneous muscles, 
notably by the musculus cucullaris. Horny crests, often supported 
by swollen cancellous outgrowths of the maxillary, nasal, and 
frontal bones (as in Hornbills and Cassowaries), have been de- 
scribed in connexion with the Birt. Very peculiar are the entirely 
1 An admirably succinct account of all the different species was communi- 
cated by the late Mr. Blyth to Zhe Field newspaper in 1873 (vol. xl. p. 631 ; vol. 
xli. pp. 7, 61, 136, 189, 248, 884, 408, 418), which has since been published in a 
separate form with additions by the editor, Mr. Tegetmeier, as The Natural 
History of the Cranes (London: 1881). 
