116 CROW 
known to breed. The second, L. himalayana, which is a good deal 
smaller, is only known from the Himalaya Mountains. The third, 
the Two-barred Crossbill, ZL. tanioptera, is very distinct, and its 
proper home seems to be the most northern forests of the Russian 
empire, but it has occasionally occurred in Western Europe and 
even in England. 
The New World has two birds of the genus. The first, L. 
americana, representing our common species, but with a smaller bill, 
and the males easily recognizable by their more scarlet plumage, 
ranges from the northern limit of coniferous trees to the highlands 
of Mexico, or’even further. The other, L. Jlewcoptera, is the 
equivalent of the Two-barred Crossbill, but smaller. It has 
occurred in England at least thrice. 
CROW (Holland. Kraai, Germ. Krihe, Fr. Corbeau, Lat. Corvus), 
a name most commonly applied in Britain to the bird properly 
called a Rook, Corvus frugilegus, but perhaps originally peculiar to 
its congener, nowadays usually distinguished as the Black or 
Carrion-Crow, (. corone. By ornithologists it is also used in a far 
wider sense, as under the title Crows, or Corvidx, is included a vast 
number of birds from almost all parts of the world, and this family 
is probably the most highly developed of the whole Class Aves, 
Leaving out of account the best known of these, as the CHoUGH, 
Daw, JAY, NUTCRACKER, Piz, RAVEN, and Rook, it will be enough 
to consider here the species of the Family to which the appellation 
is strictly applicable, for of the limits and subdivisions of this 
Family it is at present desirable to speak with great caution, if not 
doubt. All authorities admit that it is very extensive, and is capable 
of being parted into several groups, but scarcely any two agree on 
either head. Especially must reserve be exercised as regards the 
group Streperinx, or Piping Crows, belonging to the Australian 
Region, and referred by some writers to the SHRIKES, Laniidz : 
since it is highly probable that Parker’s suggestion (Zrans. Zool. Soe. 
ix. p. 327) as to the recognition of these “ Austro-Coraces” as a 
distinct Family will prove to be correct. On the other hand, it 
seems hardly possible to admit, as some have done, that the Jays 
require raising to that rank or even to separate them as a subfamily 
from the Pies, Pica and its neighbours, which lead almost insensibly 
to the typical Crows, Corvinv. Dismissing then these subjects, we 
may turn to what may be literally considered Crows, and attention 
must be mainly directed to the Black or Carrion-Crow, Corvus 
corone, and the Grey, Hooded, or Royston Crow, C. cornix. Both 
these inhabit Europe, but their range and the time of their appearance 
are very different. Without going into minute details, it will 
suffice to say that the former is, speaking generally, a summer- 
visitant to the south-western part of this quarter of the globe, and 
