EMMET-HUNTER—EX TERMINATION Zs 
EMMET-HUNTER, a common local name of the WRYNECK. 
ERN or ERNE, Scandin. (rn, the Sea-EAGLE; but hardly used 
now except in poetry or as the name of a pleasure-yacht. 
ERODY (corrupted from Herodias, a Heron) Latham’s name 
(Gen. Hist. B. ix. p. 139) for Dromas ardeola (CRAB-PLOVER). 
EROLIA, a genus proposed by Vieillot (Nouv. Anab. p. 55), 
and the name Englished by Stephens in 1819 (Shaw’s Zoology, xi. 
p. 497), but believed to be founded on a specimen of Tringa subarquata 
(SANDPIPER) which had lost its hind toes. 
ERYTHRISM, the abnormal replacement of other colours, 
generally green or yellow, by red (see COLOUR and HETzROCHROSIS). 
ESTRIDGER, an old word signifying a Falconer. 
EXTERMINATION, literally a driving out of bounds or ban- 
ishment, is a process which, intentionally or not, has been and still 
is being carried on in regard to many more species of Birds than 
most people—not excepting professed ornithologists—seem to 
recognize, and one that has frequently led to the Extinction,! or 
dying out, of the species affected. The inhabitants of islands are 
especially subject to this fate. In them each species has long been 
brought into harmony with its circumstances, and relations with its 
fellow-creatures have so far become mutually adjusted that in the 
long run the balance between them is preserved, and the stock of 
each remains the same one year with another. But the appearance 
on the scene of man, and especially of civilized man, upsets the equili- 
brium. Even if he do not immediately begin to bring the virgin 
soil under cultivation by felling the primeval forest or burning the 
brushwood, he almost always introduces certain animals which 
make war on the aboriginal population—directly in the case of 
Cats and Rats, indirectly in that of Goats and Rabbits, or both 
ways in that of Hogs. Against such enemies, whether forcibly 
attacking them or insidiously robbing them of food, the most part 
of the indigenous species are unprepared and absolutely helpless. In 
the majority of instances each of the islands so colonized has its own 
peculiar Fauna, largely consisting, that is, of species not found 
elsewhere, and if the island be small it is soon overrun by the 
newcomers, and its ancient inhabitants with difficulty preserve their 
existence, or wholly succumb. 
The best known if not the most remarkable case of this kind is 
that of the Dopo, Didus ineptus, which, on the rediscovery of Cerne, 
1 In some instances the still stronger word, Extirpation, or rooting out, 
might be appropriately used ; but this would be most applicable in those where 
destruction of the species is purposely intended, and attempts of that kind have 
rarely proved to be successful, unless carried on for a long period of time, or by 
poison. 
