FOUR-O’CLOCK—FOWL 289 
perhaps it will eventually shew that nearly all were! It is also 
worth remembering that it was during these epochs that the Ratitz 
(just as the Marsupials among Mammals) were represented in the 
European Fauna. In the Cretaceous period we come to Birds 
differing very widely from existing forms, and apparently indicat- 
ing distinct Ordinal groups, while the two known Jurassic specimens 
clearly belong to a distinct Subclass—SAURUR&. 
RICHARD LYDEKKER. 
FOUR-O’CLOCK, one of several names given in Australia to 
Philemon corniculatus (FRIAR-BIRD). 
FOWL (Danish Fugl, German Vogel), originally used in the 
sense that BIRD now is, but, except in composition—as Sea-Fowl, 
Wild-Fowl, and the like—practically almost confined? at present 
to designate the otherwise nameless species which struts on our 
dunghills, gathers round our barn-doors, and stocks our poultry- 
yards—the type of the genus Gallus of ornithologists, of which 
four well-marked species are known. The first of these is the Red 
Jungle-Fowl of the greater part of India, G. ferrugineus—called by 
many writers G. bankiva—which is almost undoubtedly the parent 
stock of all the domestic races (cf. Darwin, Animals and Plants 
under Domestication, 1. pp. 233-246). It inhabits Northern India 
from Sindh to Burma and Cochin China, as well as the Malay 
Peninsula and many of the islands as far as Timor, besides the 
Philippines. It occurs on the Himalayas up to the height of 
4000 feet, and its southern limits in the west of India proper are, ee 
according to Jerdon, found on the Raj-peepla hills to the south of <7 e hills (s 
the Nerbudda, and in the east near the left bank of the Godavery,  «ereess 
or perhaps even further, as he had heard of its being killed at 
Cummum. ‘This species greatly resembles in plumage what is 
commonly known among poultry-fanciers as the “ Black-breasted 
Game” breed, and this is said to be especially the case with 
examples from the Malay countries, between which and examples 
from India some differences are observable—the latter having the 
plumage less red, the ear-lappets almost invariably white, and 
slate-coloured legs, while in the former the ear-lappets are crimson, 
like the comb and wattles, and the legs yellowish. If the Malayan 
_ birds be considered distinct, it is to them that the name G. bankiva 
properly applies. This species is said to be found in lofty forests 
and in dense thickets, as well as in ordinary bamboo-jungles, and 
when cultivated land is near its haunts, it may be seen in the fields 
1 The graphic representations given by Professor Fiirbringer in his great 
work, Untersuchungen zur Morphologie und Systematik der Vogel (plates xxix. A 
and B, xxx.), make this very clear to the eye.—A. N. 
2 Like Deer (Danish Dyr, German Thier). Beast, too, with some men has 
almost attained as much specialization. 
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