298 GADWALL—GALL-BLADDER 
the fine comb-like “teeth” with which its maxille are furnished, 
considered by many modern ornithologists to require removal from 
the genus Anas to that of Chaulelasmus or Ctenorhynchus, of which 
it is the typical species. Its geograph- 
ical distribution is almost identical with 
that of the common Wild Duck or 
Mallard, since it is found over the 
greater part of the Northern Hemi- 
sphere; but, save in India, where it 
is said to be perhaps the most plentiful species of Duck during the 
cold weather, it is hardly anywhere so numerous; and both in the 
eastern parts of North America and in the British Islands it is rather 
rare than otherwise. Its habits also, so far as they have been ob- 
served, greatly resemble those of the Wild Duck; but its appear- 
ance on the water is very different, its small head, flat back, elongated 
form, and elevated stern rendering it recognizable by the fowler 
even at such a distance as hinders him from seeing its very 
distinct plumage. In coloration the two sexes agree much more 
than is the case with any of the European Freshwater-Ducks, 
Anatine—one only, the Anas marmorata, excepted ; but on closer 
inspection the drake exhibits a delicate ash-coloured breast, and 
upper wing-coverts of a deep chestnut, which are wholly wanting in 
his soberly clad partner. She, however, has, in common with him, 
a pure white patch on the wings, which forms one of the most 
readily-perceived distinctive characters of the species. The Gadwall 
is a bird of some interest, since it is one of the few that have been 
induced, by the protection afforded them in certain localities, to 
resume the indigenous position they once filled, but had, through 
the draining and reclaiming of marshy lands, long since abandoned. 
In regard to the present species, this fact is due to the efforts of the 
late Mr. Andrew Fountaine, on whose property, in West Norfolk, 
and its immediate neighbourhood, the Gadwall has, since 1850,! 
annually bred in constantly increasing numbers, so that it may 
again be accounted, in the fullest sense of the word, an inhabitant 
of England ; and, as it has been always esteemed one of the best of 
wild fowl for the table, the satisfactory result of its encouragement 
by this gentleman is not to be despised. A second species, C. coues?, 
from Washington Island, one of the Fanning group, has been 
described (Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, i. p. 46). 
GapwaLu. (After Swainson.) 
GALL-BLADDER, the receptacle of the bile secreted by the 
LIVER, on the right lobe of which it is situated, between that and 
the proventriculus. When large it hangs down on the right side of 
almost indifferently, or with some distinguishing epithet, to the female of any of 
the I'reshwater-Ducks, and especially to the present. 
1 Stevenson and Southwell, Birds of Norfolk, iii. pp. 160-162. 
