386 GROSBEAK 
to many birds belonging to the Families Mringillide and Ploceidx of 
modern ornithologists, and perhaps to some members of the 
Emberizide and Tanagridx, but always to birds distinguished by 
the great size of their bill. ‘Taken alone it is commonly a synonym 
of HAWFINCH, but a prefix is most usually added to indicate the 
species, as Pine-Grosbeak, Cardinal-Grosbeak, and the like. By 
earlier writers the word was generally given as an equivalent of 
the Linnzan Lozia, but that genus, as first established, has been 
found to include many forms which, according to more recent 
notions, cannot possibly be placed in the same Family. 
The PINE-GRosBEAK, Pinicola enucleator, is, with the exception 
of the Hawfinch just mentioned, the best known species to which 
the name is applied. It inhabits the conifer-zone of both the Old 
and the New Worlds, seeking, in Europe and probably elsewhere, a 
lower latitude as winter approaches—often journeying in large 
flocks; and stragglers are said to have occasionally reached the 
British Islands, though the records of not more than four or five 
such occurrences can be trusted (Yarrell, Br. Birds, ed. 4, i. pp. 
177-179). In structure and some of its habits much resembling a 
BULLFINCH, but much exceeding that bird in size, it has the 
plumage of a CROSSBILL, and appears to undergo exactly the same 
changes as do the members of the restricted genus Lozia,—the 
young being of a dull greenish-grey streaked with brownish-black, 
the adult hens tinged with golden-green, and the cocks glowing 
with crimson-red on nearly all the body-feathers, this last colour 
being replaced after moulting in confinement by bright yellow. 
Nests of this species were found in 1821 by Zetterstedt near 
Juckasjiirvi in Swedish Lapland, but little was really known with 
certainty concerning its nidification until 1855, when the late Mr. 
Wolley, after two years’ ineffectual search, succeeded in obtaining 
in the not very distant district of Muonioniska well-authenticated 
specimens with the eggs, both of which are like exaggerated Bull- 
finches’ (Hewitson, Higgs Br. B. ed. 11. p. 210%, pl. lii.*). The food 
of this species seems to consist of the seeds and buds of many sorts 
of trees, though the staple may very possibly be those of some kind 
of pine. The cock has a clear and pleasing song, which makes him 
in many countries a favourite cage-bird ; and the notes of the hen 
may even be deemed to qualify her as a musician of no small merit. 
Allied to the Pine-Grosbeak are a number of species of smaller 
size, but its equals in beauty of plumage! These have been 
referred to several genera, such as Carpodacus, Propasser, Bycanetes, 
1 Many of them are described and beautifully figured in the Monographie des 
Louiens of Bonaparte and Schlegel (Leyden and Diisseldorf: 1850), a work which 
includes, however, all the Crossbills, Redpolls, and Linnets then known te the 
authors, while it excludes many birds that an English writer would have to call 
** Grosbeaks.”” 
