466 JACKDAW—JAY 
(Trans. Linn. Soc. xv. p. 204), “a loud noise somewhat like laugh- 
ing,” whence, together with its uncouth appearance, it probably 
received its extraordinary appellation from the settlers on their first 
arrival in the country. 
JACKDAW, the common nickname of the Daw, Corvus 
monedula. 
JACK-SNIPE, so called either from its small size, or from being 
accounted the male of the common SNIPE. 
JAVA SPARROW, one of the best-known of exotic cage-birds, 
Padda or Munia oryzwora, belonging to the Family Ploceide (WEAVER- 
BIRD) and a species which has been naturalized in many countries, 
where it is often very injurious to crops of rice or other grain. It 
is said to have been brought to Europe from China, whither it was 
conveyed from Java many years before, and a living bird possessed 
by Sloane in 1740 was described and figured by Edwards (Wat. 
Hist. Uncom. B. pl. 41). It is-easily recognized by its pink bill, 
red orbits, slate-coloured body, and black crown, beneath which is 
generally a pure white patch on the check, but according to the 
observation of Mr. Bartlett as recorded by his son (Monogr. Weaver-B. 
pt. 1) these white patches will change to black, and then again 
to white, irrespective of age, sex, or season. Examples without 
white. patches are often sold as females, but Mr. Edward Bartlett 
says he has dissected many and found that both sexes are alike in 
plumage, nor has the male any song by which he may be dis- 
tinguished. 
JAY (French, Géai), a well-known and very beautiful European 
bird, the Corvus glandarius of Linnzeus, the Garrulus glandarius of 
modern ornithologists. To this species are more or less closely 
allied numerous birds inhabiting both areas of the Holarctie Region, 
the Indian and the Neotropical, except the southern portion of the 
last two. All these birds are commonly called Jays, and form 
a group of the Corvide (Crow), which may be considered a 
subfamily, Garrulinw. Indeed there are, or have been, systematists 
who would, unnecessarily as it seems, elevate the Jays to the rank 
of a Family, Garrulide. Some of them have an unquestionable 
resemblance to the Piss, if the group now known by that name 
can be satisfactorily severed from the true Corvine. In structure 
the Jays are not readily differentiated from the Pies ; but in habit, 
so far as is known of them, they are much more arboreal, delighting 
in thick coverts, seldom appearing in the open, and seeking their 
food on or under trees. They seem also never to walk or run when 
on the ground, but always to hop. The body-feathers are commonly 
loose and soft; and, gaily coloured as are most of the species, in 
