KITTY—KIWI 493 
their primaries not being tipped with white. The species occurs on 
both sides of the Atlantic, breeding in great numbers in Spitsbergen 
and Greenland, but in Baffin’s Sea not going so far to the northward 
as some of the other Gulls. It inhabits also the North Pacific, and 
among those which frequent Bering’s Sea, not a few examples have 
the hind toe considerably developed, though not enough to be 
functional. These have been named /&. kotzebuii, but cannot be 
regarded as forming a good species. The A. brevirostris, with red 
legs and feet, from the same waters, seems to be distinct, but 
whether it is justifiably placed in the genus is another matter. 
KITTY, a local nickname of the WREN. 
KIWI, or Kiwi-Krw1, the Maori name—first apparently intro- 
duced to zoological literature by Lesson in 1828 (Man. d’Orn. ii. p. 
210, or Voy. ‘ Coquille,’ Zool. p. 418), and now very generally adopted 
in English—of one of the most characteristic forms of New-Zealand 
birds, the Apteryx of scientific writers. This remarkable creature 
was unknown till Shaw, as almost his latest labour, very fairly 
described and figured it in 1813 (Nat. Miscellany, pls. 1057, 1058) 
from a specimen brought to him from the southern coast of that 
country by Capt. Barcley of the ship ‘Providence. At Shaw’s 
death, in the same year, it passed into the possession of the then 
Lord Stanley, afterwards thirteenth Lord Derby, and is now with 
the rest of his collection in the Liverpool Museum. Considering 
the state of systematic ornithology at the time, Shaw’s assignment 
of a position to this new and strange bird, of which he had but the 
skin, does him great credit, for he said it seemed ‘“‘ to approach more 
nearly to the Struthious and Gallinaceous tribes than to any other”! 
And his credit is still greater when we find the venerable Latham, 
who is said to have examined the specimen with Shaw, placing it 
some years later among the Penguins (Gen. Hist. B. x. p. 394), being 
apparently led to that conclusion through its functionless wings and 
the backward situation of its legs. In this false allocation Stephens 
also in 1826 acquiesved (Gen. Zool. xiii. p. 70). Meanwhile in 1820 
Temminck, who had never seen a specimen, assorted it with the 
Dopo in an Order to which he applied the name of INERTES (Man. 
@ Orn. i. p. exiv.) In 1831 Lesson, who had previously (locc. cétt.) 
made some blunders about it,” placed it (Traité d’Orn. p. 12), though 
only, as he says, “ par analogie et @ priori,” in his first division of Birds 
‘Oiseaux Anomaux,” which is equivalent to what we now call Ratitz, 
making of it a separate Family “Nullipennes.” At that time no 
second example was known, and some doubt was felt especially on 
1 Before Merrem nearly all had held the ‘‘Struthious” birds to be ‘‘ Gallin- 
aceous,” and his views were not published till 1813 (see InrropUCTION). 
2 Much may be forgiven to Lesson for declaring that the sternura of Apteryx 
would be ‘‘indubitablement” found to have no keel ! 
