500 KRAAI—LAMMERGEVER 
genus Hudynamis, a peculiarity of which is that the adult males have 
a uniform glossy black plumage while the females and young present 
avery different aspect, being of some brownish tint, variously 
mottled, barred or spotted. Hence in several Indian languages the 
two sexes bear different names, The true Koel was long thought 
to be the Cuculus orientalis of Linnzeus, but the late Lord Tweeddale 
shewed (Ibis, 1869, p. 338) that that name applied to a cognate 
form, and it has since been used for the species of the Moluccas 
(Salvadori, Ornitol. Papuas.i. p. 359), and the Indian bird, which also 
inhabits Ceylon, and stretches across Burma to China (where it has 
been called £. maculata) and the Malay Archipelago to Timor, is now 
recognized as Hudynamis honorata or nigra—the latter epithet being 
especially suited to the male. Australia and New Guinea produce 
another species, 1. cyanocephala or flindersi, and some three more 
inhabit other eastern localities. The Koel is parasitic, the hens 
laying their eggs in Crows’ nests (Hume, Nest & Eggs Ind. B. ed. 2, 
il. p. 392). 
KRAAI, Dutch for Crow, applied to several species in 
South Africa. 
L 
LADY-FOWL said to be a name of the WIGEON. 
LAMMERGEYER (i.e. Lamb-Vulture), or Bearded Vulture, 
the Falco barbatus of Linnzeus and the Gypaetus barbatus. of modern 
ornithologists, one of the grandest Birds-of-Prey of the Old World 
—inhabiting lofty mountain chains from Portugal to the borders of 
China, though within historic times, if not within living memory, 
it has been exterminated from several of its ancient haunts. Its 
northern range in Europe does not seem to have extended further 
than the southern frontier of Bavaria, or the neighbourhood of 
Salzburg; but in Asia it formerly reached a higher latitude, having 
been found even so lately as 1830 in Dauuria (EXTERMINATION, p. 
227, note 1), where according to Dr. Radde (Beitr. Kenntn. Russ. 
Reichs, xxiii. p. 467) it has now left but its name. It is not 
uncommon on many parts of the Himalayas, where it breeds, and 
on the mountains of Kumaon and the Punjab, and is the “ Golden 
Eagle” of most Anglo-Indians. Returning westward, it is found 
also in Persia, Palestine, Crete, and Greece, the Italian Alps, Sicily, 
Sardinia and Mauritania; but can scarcely be said to exist any 
longer in Carinthia? or in Switzerland.” 
1 Of. Keller, Jahrb. nat.-hist. Landesmus. Klagenfurt, 1886, pp. 285-292. 
2 Dr. Girtanner has a valuable paper on this bird in Switzerland (Verhandl 
