504 LAPWING 
recognized and recognizable position, which he did in 1841, then 
calling it (Abhandl. Geb. Zool. & vergl. Anat. ii. p. 3, pls. x. xi.) 
Falco feldeggi, it having been brought to his notice from examples 
obtained by the Baron of that name in Dalmatia. In the same year, 
however, Sir Gardiner Wilkinson (Mann. & Cust. Anc. Egypt, ser. 
2, ii. pp. 121, 210) conferred the name of Falco arocris! on the sacred 
Falcon of the ancient Egyptians, which we now know to be the 
true Lanner. It is found locally throughout the countries border- 
ing the Mediterranean, from Spain eastward, and is known to breed 
on the Egyptian Pyramids. Further to the southward it is 
replaced by the-allied /. tanypterus (which the late Mr. Gurney 
regarded as a local race), and in Western Asia by F’. babylonicus. 
LAPWING, Anglo-Saxon Hledpewince ( = “one who turns about 
in running or flight,” see Skeat’s Htymol. Dict. p. 321),? a well- 
known bird, the Zringa vanellus of Linneus and the Vanellus vulgaris 
or V. cristatus of most modern ornithologists. In the temperate 
parts of the Old World this species is perhaps the most abundant 
of the Charadriidx (PLOVER), breeding in greater or fewer numbers 
in almost every suitable place from Ireland to Japan,—the majority 
migrating towards winter to southern countries, as the Punjab, 
Egypt, and Barbary,—though in the British Islands some are 
always found at that season, chiefly about estuaries. Asa straggler 
it has occurred within the Arctic Circle (as on the Varanger Fjord 
in Norway), as well as in Iceland and even Greenland ; while it 
not unfrequently appears in Madeira and the Azores. Conspicuous 
as the strongly contrasted colours of its plumage and its very 
peculiar flight make it, one may well wonder at its success in 
maintaining its ground when so many of its allies have been almost 
exterminated, for the Lapwing is the object perhaps of greater per- 
secution than any other European bird that is not a plunderer. Its 
egos—the well-known “ Plovers’ Eggs” of commerce 3—are taken by 
1 It may be doubted whether either of these names can stand, since Gmelin’s 
F. griseus in 1788 (Syst. Nat. i. p. 275) is founded on the ‘Grey Falcon” of 
Latham and Pennant, the description of which was transmitted to the last by 
Thomas Bolton, who subsequently communicated a drawing of the bird to Lewin, 
by whom it was reproduced (B. Gr. Brit. ed. 2, i. pl. 17). The figure seems 
intended for an adult of the true Lanner, though coloured somewhat to resemble 
F. chicquera. The question is intricate, and could not be here discussed. Con- 
fusion began early, since Lewin in the first edition of his work figured (No, 15) 
a very different bird, and one not agreeing with the description. 
2 Caxton in 1481 has ‘‘lapwynches” (Reynard the Fox, cap. 27). 
8 There is a prevalent belief that many of the eggs sold as ‘‘ Plovers’”’ are 
those of Rooks, but no notion can be more absurd, since the appearance of the 
two is wholly unlike. Those of the Redshank, of the Golden Plover (to a small 
extent), and enormous numbers of those of the Black-headed Gull, and in certain 
places of some of the Terns, are, however, undoubtedly sold as Lapwings’, having 
