512 LARYNX 
while how many others should be recognized is a question far from 
being settled. The Shore-Lark is in Europe a native of only the 
extreme north, but is very common near the shores of the Varanger 
Fjord, and likewise breeds on mountain-tops further south-west, 
though still well within the Arctic Circle. The mellow tone of its 
call-note has obtained for it in Lapland a name signifying “ Bell- 
bird,” and the song of the cock is lively, though not very loud. 
The bird trustfully resorts to the neighbourhood of houses, and 
even enters the villages of East Finmark in search of its food. It 
produces at least two broods in the season, and towards autumn 
migrates to lower latitudes in large flocks. Of late years these 
have been observed almost every winter on the east coast of Great 
Britain, and the species, instead of being regarded, as it once was, 
in the light of an accidental visitor to the United Kingdom, must 
now be deemed an almost regular visitor, though in very varying 
numbers. Several other congeneric forms originally described as 
distinct species, but the validity of which has been more than 
once denied and reasserted, inhabit south-eastern Europe, Palestine, 
and Central Asia; but an admittedly good species is the O. bilopha 
of Arabia and Mauritania. All these birds, which have been termed 
Horned Larks, from the tuft of elongated black feathers growing 
on each side of the head, form a little group easily recognized by 
their peculiar coloration, which calls to mind some of the Ringed 
Plovers, Ai gialitis. 
The name Lark is also frequently applied to many birds which 
do not belong to the Alaudidx as now understood. The Mud-Lark, 
Rock-Lark, Titlark, and Tree-Lark are Piprrs. The Grasshopper- 
Lark is one of the aquatic WARBLERS, while the Meadow-Lark of 
America, as has been already said, is an IcrERUS. Sand-Lark and 
Sea-Lark are likewise names often given to some of the smaller 
members of the Limicole. Of the true Larks, Alaudidx, Dr. Sharpe 
(ut supre) makes over 70 species, and more than 40 local 
races or subspecies. It is believed to be a physiological character 
of the Family that they moult but once in the year, while the 
Pipits, which in general appearance so much resemble them, 
undergo a double moult, as do others of the Motacillidx, to which 
they are most nearly allied. 
LARYNX, the upper end of the trachea, into which the air 
enters from the mouth through a longitudinal, slit-like opening, the. 
rima glottidis. It lies behind the tongue, between the two Hyorp 
horns, connected in front by a strong band with the cartilaginous 
or bony urohyal, the sides of its dorsal margin being also attached 
loosely by connective tissue to the walls of the upper end of the 
cesophagus. The cartilaginous or bony part of the Larynx consists 
of several pieces, of which the principal or cricoid cartilage forms 
