LIRA—LOGGER-HEAD 517 
to Leucosticte is Montifringilla, to which belongs the SNow-FINCH of 
the Alps, M. nivalis, so often mistaken by travellers for the SNow- 
BUNTING, Plectrophanes nivalis. 
LIRA, see LYRA. 
LITTORALES, Illiger’s name in 1811 for a “Family” com- 
posed of the genera Charadrius, Calidris, Himantopus, Hematopus, 
Cursorius and Burhinus. 
LIVER, hepar, a large dark reddish or yellowish-brown gland, 
consisting of two lobes connected by a commissure of variable 
thickness, and resting upon the dorsal side of the sternum so as to 
enclose the HEART and Lunes. Bile, the secretion of this gland, 
passes through two ducts—that on the right side being, in most 
Birds, dilated into the GALL-BLADDER—into the duodenal loop of 
the small intestine (DIGESTIVE SysTEM). The relative size of the 
two lobes, which varies much in different groups of Birds, might be 
used for taxonomic purposes, were it not for the numerous excep- 
tions that occur. Thus an equality in this respect is characteristic 
of Accipitres, Pelargi and Tubinares; but among the last Puffinus 
anglorum (SHEARWATER) has the right lobe about six times as large 
as the left; and the right lobe is generally by far the largest 
in Columbx, Herodii, Steganopodes, Pici and Passeres, while the 
opposite proportion is rare. Of greater and often of considerable 
importance is the shape of the two principal lobes, and especially 
that of the left: thus the right lobe is deeply cleft in most 
-Cypselomorphe and Passeres, while the left is much divided only 
in Struthio, in the Gallinw and in the Turnices—the Australian 
Pediononus agreeing with the group last named in having the left 
lobe doubled, as well as in being twice as large as the right. 
Livers of many kinds of Birds are described in (Bronn’s) Klussen 
und Ordnungen des Thier-Reichs (Vogel, pp. 680-684). 
LOBIPEDES, Iliger’s name in 1811 for a “Family” made up 
of the genera Fulica (Coot), Podica (FinFooT) and Phalaropus 
(PHALAROPE), which as we now know are not nearly allied. 
LOCUST-BIRD, a name given in South Africa to three very 
different species. Without qualification it signifies Creatophora 
carunculata .(GRACKLE); with the prefix “Great,” Ciconia alba 
(StorRK) is meant; and with the prefix “Little,” Glareola nord- 
manni (PRATINCOLE) (¢f. Layard, B. S. Afr. pp. 177, 291, 314; and 
Holub and Von Pelzeln, Beitr. Orn. Siidafr. p. 243). 
LOGCOCK, one of the many local names in North America of 
Picus pileatus (W OODPECKER). 
LOGGER-HEAD, a name applied to several kinds of Birds, 
—for instance (1) to a SHRIKE, Lanius or Collyrio ludovicianus or 
