534 MANDARIN DUCK—MANUCODE 
muscles ; but the effect is doubtless as described by Mr. Hamilton’s 
informant. 
MANDARIN DUCK, the name given, says Latham (Synops. iii. 
p. 549), by the English in China, to the beautiful species of that 
country, Avx galericulata of modern ornithology, figured by Edwards 
(Nat. Hist. Uncomm. B. pl. 102) in 1746, from a live bird in 
England ; but it was clearly known to Aldrovandus (Orn. lib. xix. 
cap. 31) from a drawing of one brought to Rome in his time by 
Japanese envoys. 
MANDIBLE (Lat. Mandibula) the lower jaw in Birds, consist- 
ing of an unpaired V-shaped piece which forms the tip, and some 
four or five paired pieces, one of which (0s articulare) articulates 
with the quadrate bone, and another (0s dentale) forms the upper 
margin of the side of the jaw. In such birds as the Parrots and 
Falcons which need a strong beak, all these pieces coalesce in one 
mass, in others as Ducks there remain sutures, or again as in Owls 
and Gulls, foramina (see MAXILLA). 
MANGO-BIRD, in Jamaica Lampornis mango, one of the 
Trochilidx (HUMMING-BIRD) ; but in India an ORIOLE, Oriolus kundoo. 
MANGROVE-CUCKOW, Coccyzus minor or seniculus of some ; 
but 
MANGROVE-HEN is in Jamaica, and perhaps in other parts of 
the New World, fallus longirostris or some other species of RAIL. 
MAN-OF-WAR BIRD, apparently the oldest English name of 
what is now called a FRIGATE-BIRD; but also occasionally applied 
to one or more of the smaller species of SKUA, and not unfrequently 
to an ALBATROS. 
MANUCODE, from the French, an abbreviation of Manucodiata, 
the Latinized form of the Malay Manukdewata, meaning, says 
Crawfurd (Malay and Engl. Dictionary, p. 97), the “bird of the 
gods,” and a name applied for more than two hundred years 
apparently to BriRDS-OF-PARADISE in general. In the original 
sense of its inventor, Montbeillard (Hist. Nat. Oiscaua, ili. p. 163), 
Manucode was restricted to the King Bird-of-Paradise and three 
allied species; but in English it has curiously been transferred + to 
1 Manucodiata was used by Brisson (Ornithologie, ii. p. 130) as a generic 
term equivalent to the Linnean Paradisea. In 1783 Boddaert, when assigning 
scientific names to the birds figured by Daubenton, called the subject of one of 
them (Pl. enlum. 634) Manucodia chalybea, the first word being apparently an 
accidental curtailment of the name of Brisson’s genus to which he referred it. 
Nevertheless some writers have taken it as evidence of an intention to found a 
new genus by that name, and hence the importation of Manucodia into scientific 
nomenclature, and the English form to correspond. 
