652 ODONTORNITHES 
Greensand, named by Prof. Seeley in 1869 Hnaliornis, and the 
closely allied Lapiornis from the North American Cretaceous (see 
Fossiz Birps). While possessing heteroccelous cervicals, it is 
believed that Hnaliornis had its dorsal vertebrae amphiccelous. 
‘Retaining in their amphiccelous vertebre evidence of their 
reptilian ancestry which is lost in the more specialized Hesperornis, 
Fig. 5.—ManbIs_e or Icarnyornis. (As before after Marsh.) 
the small Gulllike birds known as Jchthyornis may probably be 
regarded as holding a somewhat more intimate relationship to the 
modern LimicoL& and GAVL& than is presented by the former to 
the Pyaopopxs, the specialization connected with the absence of 
flight in the former genus being want- 
ing. Traces of affinity with [chthyornis 
are, Indeed, indicated by the more 
or less markedly opisthoceelous dorsal 
vertebre of the Limicole and Gavix ; 
-but whereas both these groups have 
an ectepicondylar process to the 
humerus, and an extensor bony bridge 
SUP Vichy, VERTEBRA OW TenEZORNIS, to the. sibio-tarsus; emelther of these 
FROM FRONT AND SIDE. . 
(As before, after Marsh.) features are present in the cretaceous 
genus. The fenestration of the meta- 
sarpus characteristic of the Gaviv is, moreover, wanting in 
Ichthyornis. Hence it would appear that we must regard all 
the above-mentioned features characterizing the existing groups 
named as of comparatively late origin; while the differences 
between the extinct and living forms appear to the writer far too 
important to admit, as has been proposed, of their inclusion in 
a single ordinal group. Although Apatornis, from the Yellow Chalk 
of Kansas, and as yet imperfectly known, was apparently an allied 
type, distinguished by the great development of the acromial pro- 
cess of the scapula, and the stouter hind limbs, the remaining 
genera of (? toothed) birds from the same horizon referred to the 
Odontornithes are named on the evidence of such incomplete 
remains, that it is impossible to speak of their affinities with 
certainty ; all that can be said for them will be found in their 
describer’s magnificent work forming the first volume of the 
Memoirs of the Peabody Museum of Yale College. 
RICHARD LYDEKKER. 
Fig. 6. 
1 Odontornithes : a Monograph on the Extinct Toothed Birds of North America. 
By Othniel Charles Marsh. Fol. New Haven, Conn. : 1880, 
