696 PASSAGE-HA WkK—PASSENGER-PIGEON 
Partridge has several congeners, all with red legs and plumage of 
similar character. In Africa north of the Atlas there is the 
Barbary Partridge, C. petrosa; in southern Europe another, C. 
saxatilis, which extends eastward till it is replaced by C. chukar, 
which reaches India, where it is a well-known bird. Two very 
interesting desert-forms, supposed to be allied to Caccabis, are the 
Ammoperdix heyi of North Africa and Palestine and the 4. bonhami 
of Persia; but the absence of the metatarsal knob, or incipient 
spur, suggests (in our ignorance of their other osteological characters) 
an alliance rather to the genus Perdiz. On the other hand the 
groups of birds known as FRANCOLINS and Snow-Partridges are 
generally furnished with strong but blunt spurs, and therefore prob- 
ably belong to the Caccabine group. Of the former, containing 
many species, there is only room here to mention, in addition to 
what has been before (page 291) said of that which used to occur 
in Europe, the possibility, as some think, of its having been the 
Attagas or Attagen of classical authors,’ a bird celebrated for its 
exquisite flavour. Of the latter it is only to be said here that 
those of the genus Tetraogallus, often called Snow-PHEASANT, are the 
giants of their kin, and that nearly every considerable range of 
mountains in Asia seems to possess its specific form; while the 
genus Lerwa contains but a single species, LZ. nivicola, which is 
emphatically the Snow-Partridge of Himalayan sportsmen. 
By English colonists the name Partridge has been very loosely 
applied, and especially so in North America. Where a qualifying 
word is prefixed no confusion is caused, but without it there is 
sometimes a difficulty at first to know whether the Ruffed GrousE 
(Bonasa umbellus) or the Virginian CoLin (Ortyx virginianus) is 
intended, while the ‘“ Partridge-Hawk” of the same country is 
Astur atricapillus (GOSHAWK), and the “Partridge- Pigeon” of 
Australia is a species of Geophaps (BRONZE-WING). 
PASSAGE-HAWK, in modern falconers’ language, is one taken 
on its passage or migration, generally in Holland. It is therefore 
always what in old time was called a “ Haggard,” and when trained 
is more valued than a NIAS. 
PASSENGER-PIGEON, so-called in books, but in North 
America commonly known as the “ Wild Pigeon,” the ctopistes 
migratorius of ornithology, the bird so famous in former days for 
its multitude, and still occasionally to be found plentifully in some 
parts of Canada and the United States, though no longer appearing 
in the countless numbers that it did of old, when a flock seen by 
Wilson was estimated to consist of more than 2230 millions. The 
' However, many naturalists have maintained a different opinion—some 
making it a Woopcock, a GopwiITt, or even the Hazel-hen (Grousr). The ques- 
tion has been well discussed by Lord Lilford (Zbis, 1862, pp. 352-356). 
