810 SANDPEEP—SANDPIPER 
or marbled with darker shades, the markings being of two kinds, 
one superficial and the other more deeply seated in the shell. The 
young are hatched fully clothed in down (P. Z. S. 1866, pl. ix. fig. 
2), and though not very active would appear to be capable of 
locomotion soon after birth. Morphologically generalized as the 
Sand-Grouse undoubtedly are, no one can contest the extreme 
specialization of many of their features, and thus they form a very 
instructive group. The remains of an extinct species of Pterocles, 
P. sepultus, intermediate apparently between P. alchata, and P. 
gutturalis, have been recognized in the Miocene caves of the Allier 
by Prof. A. Milne-Edwards (Ois. foss. France, p. 294, pl. clxi. figs. 
1-9); and, in addition to the other authorities on this very interest- 
ing group of birds already cited, reference may be made to Mr. 
Elliot’s “Study” of the Family (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, pp. 233-264) 
and Dr. Gadow, ‘On certain points in the Anatomy of Pterocles” 
(op. cit. 1882, pp. 312-332). 
SANDPEEP, used in America for SANDPIPER, 
SANDPIPER (Germ. Sandpfeifer), according to Willughby in 
1676 the name given by Yorkshiremen to the bird now most 
popularly known in England as the ‘‘Summer-Snipe,’—the Tringa 
hypoleucos of Linneeus and the Totanus, Actitis or Tringoides hypoleucus 
of later writers,;—and probably even in Willughby’s time of 
much wider signification, as for more than a century it has 
certainly been applied to nearly all the smaller kinds of the group 
termed by modern ornithologists LimicoL& which are not PLOVERS 
or SNIPES, but may be said to be intermediate between them. 
Placed by most systematists in the Family Scolopacide, the birds 
commonly called Sandpipers seem to form three sections, which 
have been often regarded as subfamilies—Totaniny, Tringine and 
Phalaropodinx, the last of which has 
already been treated (PHALAROPE), and 
in some classifications takes the higher 
rank of a Family — Phalaropodide. 
The distinctions between Totaninx 
and Yringinx, though believed to be 
real, are not easily drawn, and space 
is wanting here to describe them 
minutely. Both of these groups have 
been the sport of nomenclators and 
systematists, so that a vast mass of 
synonymy, puzzling to unravel, and 
many superfluous genera have been 
introduced. The most obvious dis- 
tinctions may be said to lie in the form of the tip of the bill (with 
which is associated a less or greater development of the sensitive nerves 
Trinca. (After Swainson.) 
