SKELETON 7 853 
send out paired or single ventral processes (hypapophyses), which 
are extremely varied in shape and size, affording valuable help 
in the determination of the bones. When unpaired, these hypa- 
pophyses either remain in the shape of vertical knobs, processes or 
blades,' and serve for the attachment of the powerfully-developed 
flexor muscles of the neck, especially the m. longus colli anticus. 
Sometimes, as in certain vertebree of Palamedex (SCREAMER) and many 
Passeres, they have the shape of L. When however they are paired, 
A CERVICAL VERTEBRA SEEN FROM THE DorRSAL AND ANTERIOR SIDE. 
A.Z. Anterior or Prezygapophysis ; P.Z. Posterior or Postzygapophysis ; C.a. anterior articulat- 
ing surface of the centrum; Cap. articular surface for capitulum of rib; C.p. posterior 
articulating surface of the centrum; F.t. Foramen transversariumn ; H. Hypapophysis; M. 
spinal canal; Sp. dorsal spinous process ; Tb. articular surface for the capitulum. 
and in such cases restricted to the ends of the centra, they are 
utilized for the better protection of the deep CAROTIDS (page 76), as 
is especially shewn by the Steganopodes, Ardeidx (excl. Scopus), most 
Ciconiidz and some Pici which possess completely closed osseous 
1 They form vertical blades on some of the lower cervicals of Sphenisci, Cora- 
ctidx, Aleedinidx, Meropide, Todidx, Cypseli, Trogones, Galbulidx, Bucconide, 
Pici, Capitonide and Passeres. 
