932 SWAN 
Otherwise in a general way there is little difference between the 
habits of the two, and closely allied to the Whooper is a much 
smaller species, known as Bewick’s Swan, C. bewicki. This was first 
indicated as a variety of the last by Pallas, but its specific validity 
is now fully established. Apart from size, it may be externally 
distinguished from the Whooper by the bill having only a small 
patch of yellow, which inclines to an orange rather than a lemon 
tint; while internally the difference of the vocal organs is well 
marked, and its cry, though melodious enough, is unlike. It has 
a more easterly home in the north, first ascertained by Messrs. 
Harvie-Brown and Seebohm (/dvs, 1876, p. 440), than the Whooper, 
but in severe winters frequently occurs in Britain. 
Both the species last mentioned have their representatives in 
North America, and in each case the Transatlantic bird is con- 
siderably larger than that of the Old World. The first is the 
Trumpeter-Swan, C. buccinator, which has the bill wholly black, 
and the second the C. columbianus or americanus |—greatly resem- 
bling Bewick’s Swan, but with the coloured patthes on the bill of 
less extent and deepening almost into scarlet. South America 
produces two very distinct birds commonly regarded as Swans,— 
the Black-necked Swan and that which is called Cascaroba or Cos- 
caroba. ‘This last, which inhabits the southern extremity of the 
continent to Chili and the Argentine territory, and visits the 
Falkland Islands, is the smallest species known,—pure white in 
colour except the tip of its primaries, but having a red bill and red 
feet.2 The former, C. melanocorypha or nigricollis, if not discovered 
by earlier navigators, was observed by Narbrough 2nd August 1670 
in the Strait of Magellan, as announced in 1694 in the first edition 
of his Voyage (p. 52). It was subsequently found on the Falkland 
Islands during the French settlement there in 1764-65, as stated 
by Pernetty (Voyage, ed. 2, ii. pp. 26, 99), and was first technically 
described in 1782 by Molina (Saggio sulla Stor. Nat. del Chile, pp. 
234, 344). Its range seems to be much the same as that of the 
Cascaroba, except that it comes further to the northward, to the 
coast of southern Brazil on the east and perhaps into Bolivia on the 
west. It is a very handsome bird, of large size, with a bright red 
1 Examples of both these species have been recorded as occurring in Britain, 
and there can be little doubt that the first has made its way hither. Concerning 
the second, more precise details are required. 
2 Dr. Stejneger (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, pp. 177-179) has been at much 
pains to shew that this is no Swan at all, but merely a large Anatine form. 
Further research may prove that his views are well founded, and that this, with 
another very imperfectly known species, C. davidi, described by Swinhoe (Proc. 
Zool. Soc. 1870, p. 430) from a single specimen in the Museum of Peking, should 
be removed from the subfamily Cygninw. Of C. coscoroba Mr. Gibson remarks 
(Zbis, 1880, pp. 86, 37) that its ‘‘note is a loud trumpet-call,” and that it swims 
with ‘‘the neck curved and the wings raised after the true Swan model.” 
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