TROOP/JAL—TROPIC-BIRD 989 
tion of the T'rogons prior to the establishment, by geographical 
estrangement, of the two types was a russet similar to that now 
worn by the adults of both sexes in the Indian Region, and by a 
portion only of the females in the Neotropical. The Ethiopian 
type, as already said, very closely agrees with the American, and 
therefore would be likely to have been longer in connexion there- 
with. Again, while the adults of most of the American Trogons 
(Pharomacrus and Euptilotis excepted) have the edges of their bill 
serrated, their young have them smooth or only with a single 
notch on either side near the tip, and this is observable in the 
Asiatic Trogons at all ages. At the same time the most distinctive 
features of the whole group, which are easily taken in at a glance, 
but are difficult to express briefly in words, are equally possessed 
by both branches of the Family, shewing that they were in all 
likelihood—for the possibility that the peculiarities may have been 
evolved apart is not to be overlooked—reached before the geo- 
graphical sundering of these branches (whereby they are now 
placed on opposite sides of the globe) was effected. 
It remains to say that Gould in the second edition of his 
Monograph of the Family (1875) recognized about sixty species, 
dividing them into 7 genera; but Mr. Grant’s revision in 1892 
(Cat. B. Br. Mus. xvii. pp. 429-497, 501, 502) gives 8 genera and 
49 species, though admitting several made known since his pre- 
decessor’s time. Pharomacrus, Euptilotis and Trogon inhabit the 
mainland of tropical America, no species passing to the northward 
of the Rio Grande nor southward of the forest district of Brazil, 
while none occur on the west coast of Peru or Chili. Prionotelus 
and J'metotrogon, each with one species, are peculiar respectively 
to Cuba and Hispaniola. The African form Hapaloderma has 
three species, one found only on the west coast, another on the 
east coast and the third of more general range. The Asiatic 
Trogons, Harpactes (with eleven species according to the same 
authority), occur from Nepal to Malacca and Cochin China, in 
Ceylon, and in Sumatra, Java and Borneo, while one species is 
peculiar to some of the Philippine Islands, and /apalarpactus has a 
species in Borneo, with another in Sumatra. 
TROOPIAL, from the French Troupiale! ; apparently the inven- 
tion of Bonaparte (Am. Orn. i. p. 27) in 1825, and used as the 
equivalent of ICTERUS. 
TROPIC-BIRD, so called of sailors from early times,” because, as 
Dampier (Voy. i. p. 53) among others testifies, it is “never seen far 
1 Brisson (Orn. ii. p. 85) in 1760 says that the word was already applied in 
America to some of the birds of his genus Jcterus. 
2 More recently sailors have taken to call it ‘‘ Boatswain-bird”—a name 
probably first bestowed on the Arctic Skua. 
