998 TURTLE—TYRANT 
islands as the Canaries, Azores and many of those in the British 
seas, it has been inferred that these birds may breed in such places. 
In some cases this may prove to be true, but in most evidence to 
that effect is wanting. In America the breeding-range of this 
species has not been defined. In Europe there is good reason to 
suppose that it includes Shetland; but it is on the north-western 
coast of the continent, from Jutland to the extreme north of Nor- 
way, that the greatest number are reared. The nest, contrary to 
the habits of most Limicolx, is generally placed under a ledge of 
rock which shelters the bird from observation,! and therein are laid 
four eggs, of a light olive-green, closely blotched with brown, and 
hardly to be mistaken for those of any other bird. A second 
species of Turnstone is admitted by some authors and denied by 
others. This is the S. melanocephalus of the Pacific coast of North 
America, which is said to be on the average larger than S. interpres, 
and it never exhibits any of the chestnut colouring. 
Though the genus Sfrepsilas seems to be rightly placed among 
the Charadriide (PLOVER), it occupies a somewhat abnormal posi- 
tion among them, and in the form of its pointed beak and its 
variegated coloration has hardly any very near relative. 
TURTLE or TURTLE-DOVE, Fr. Tourterelle, Germ. Turteltaube, 
Lat. Turtur, see Dove (p. 165). Greenland Turtle and Sea-Turtle 
are sailors’ names for the Black GUILLEMOT (p. 399). 
TWITE, the name apparently first recorded by Albin (NV. JZ. 
Birds, iii. pl. lxxiv. p. 69) in 1737 for what is often known as the 
Mountain-LINNET (p. 516). 
TWOPENNY-CHICK, a creole name in Jamaica for the 
White-chinned THrusH of that island, Zurdus aurantius or Semi- 
merula aurantia (cf. Latham, Gen. H. B. x. p. 32; Gosse, B. Jam. 
plas): 
TYRANT or TYRANT-BIRD, in its modern sense a name 
originating in 1731 with Catesby (NV. H. Carol. 1. p. 55), who applied 
= it solely to what is now generally known 
as the KING-BIRD (p. 482), of which 
enough has been said, but apparently 
as much in reference to its bright crown, 
resembling that of the GOLDCREST,? as 
to its tyrannical behaviour to other 
birds. On this species, being the Jusci- 
capa tyrannus of Linneus, was founded 
the genus Tyrannus of Cuvier, and sub- 
LicHenops. (After Swainson.) 
1 There is little external difference between the sexes, and the brightly- 
contrasted colours of the hen-bird seem to require some kind of concealment. 
* The rvpavvos of Aristotle was undoubtedly the Goldcrest, the Latin Regulus, 
Eee 
