VASCULAR SYSTEM IOII 
the blood from the head and neck; (2) a vena vertebralis which 
drains the brain, anastomoses by numerous and wide branches with 
the cephalic portions of the jugulars and, being lodged in the trans- 
verse foramina of the cervical vertebra, which it also drains, runs 
along the neck; and (3) a vena subclavia which receives the blood 
from the thorax, beside a vena humeralis, v. radialis and »v. ulnaris, 
combining to form the v. brachialis, and this again unites with the 
subcutaneous ulnar vein of the wing as the v. azillaris. 
The vena cava inferior receives the blood from all the rest of the 
body with its viscera, entering the heart as an unpaired trunk, and 
close to it receiving the pair of wv. hepatice magnx which carry the 
blood from the liver, while the rest of the venous trunk is known 
as the vena cava posterior, and is formed by the two wv. iliace com- 
munes, each of which is composed of a v. cruralis or iliaca externa 
and a v. hypogastrica or tliaca interna. The former of these carries 
the blood from the hind limb through the »v. tibialis antica and v. 
tibialis postica, as well as through a v. femoralis, while it also receives 
an epigastric vein from the walls of the abdomen and its AIR-SACS 
(p. 4). Immediately after the v. iliac. externa has entered the pelvis, 
near the pectineal process (pp. 861, 862) it is joined by the ». 
iliac. interna, which drains the blood from the tail, vv. coccygex, from 
the pelvis and most of the viscera therein embedded, including 
the kidneys. Much of the venous blood is however conveyed 
directly into the venx iliace communes, and numerous veins, very 
variable, send blood from the generative glands, from the suprarenal 
capsules and from the liver into the v. cava posterior. 
The Hepatic Portal System remains to be mentioned. <A Bird’s 
liver receives nearly all the blood from the stomach, gut, pancreas 
and spleen, as well as from the liver itself. This blood enters the 
right hepatic lobe by a v. portalis dextra, composed of the mesenteric 
and coccygeo-mesenteric veins, and those from the pancreas, duo- 
denum, proventriculus and spleen; while the left lobe receives the 
v. portalis sinistra with blood from the stomach. Having entered 
the liver, both portal veins break up into innumerable small vessels 
which combine again within this organ, and leave it as the w. 
hepatice magnx, which, as stated before, join the v. cava posterior, the 
ascendens Aorte ; a.bre. Art. brachialis; a.desc. Aorta descendens 3 A.f. Art. femoralis ; A.sub. 
Art. subclavia ; A.v. Art. vertebralis ; C.c. Carotis communis ; C.e. Carot. externa ; C.i. Carot. 
interna ; c.ms. Vena coccygomesentrica ; coel. Art. cceliaca; cr. Vena cruralis; cul.abd. Vena 
cutanea abdominalis ; cut.uln. V. cut. ulnaris ; gast. Art. gastralis ; hp. Art. hepatica ; hyp. 
Ven. hypogastrica ; il. Art. iliaca; tl.ex. Vena iliaca externa ; il.int. V. il. interna; isch. Art. 
ischiadica ; Jug.d. V. jugularis dextra ; Jug.s. V. jug. sinistra ; ms.7. Art. mesenterica inferior ; 
ms.s. Art. mesent. superior; 7. renal arteries and veins; rad. Art. radialis ; tib.a. Art. tibialis 
antica; tib.p. Art. tib. postica; thor. Art. thoracica; T’r.aort. truncus Aorte; uln. Art. 
ulnaris ; V.Br. Vena brachialis ; V.c.i., v.c.p., v.c.s. Vena cava inferior, posterior and sinistra ; 
v.f. Vena femoralis; V.H. V. hepatica; v.il.c. V. iliaca communis; v.pulm. V. pulmonaria ; 
V.sub. V. subclavia ; V.v. V. vertebralis, 
