GULLS. 71 



Long Island, irregular W. V. 



JS'est^ of grasses, moss, etc., on the ground. Eggs^ two to three, varying 

 from pale olive-brown to grayish white, spotted or speckled with shades of 

 chocolate, 3-10 x 2-20. 



Mr. Chamberlain remarks that this species combines "with some 

 gull-like traits many of the coarse characteristics of both Falcon and 

 Vulture." 



" Some observers have reported that Jfiocks are at times very noisy, 

 particularly when settling for the night ; but those I have met with in 

 winter have been rather silent. Their cry is harsh and at times very 

 loud ; it sounds something like the syllables kuTc-lak. I have seen it 

 written cut-leek." 



43. Liarus leucopterus Faber. Iceland Gull. Kesembles the 

 preceding species in color, but generally is much smaller; specimens occur, 

 however, which appear to be intermediate. W., 15*40-16-50; B., l'65-l-90; 

 depth of B. at projection on the lower mandible, -BO-'TO ; Tar., 2-05-2-20 (B., 

 B., and K). 



Mange. — Arctic regions ; in North America migrates south in winter, 

 rarely to Long Island. 



Long Island, A. V. in winter. 



Nest.^ of grasses, moss, etc., on the ground. Eggs., clay-color with numerous 

 chocolate markings, 2-79 x 1-89. 



"The flight of the Iceland Gull, its feeding habits. and its manners 

 generally, suggest a close affinity to the Herring Gull rather than to 

 the Burgomaster " (Chamberlain). 



45. Lia>rus kumlieni Brewst. Kumlien's Gull. Very similar in gen- 

 eral color to the two preceding species, but ditfers from them in the color of 

 the primaries. These, instead of being uniformly pure white or but lightly 

 tinted with gray, are marked with sharply defined spaces of ashy gray. The 

 first primary is tipped with white and marked with ashy gray on the outer 

 web and shaft part of the inner web ; the second primary is ashy gray on only 

 part of the outer web; the third and fourth primaries have smaller white 

 tips and are marked with ashy gray near their ends on both webs. W., 15-50- 

 17"00; B., 1-G5-1-88; depth of B. at projection on the lower mandible, •60--G6 ; 

 Tar., 2-10-2-35 (Brewster). 



Range. — North Atlantic coast of North America; south in winter to 

 Massachusetts. 



Nest.^ on " the shelving rocks of high clifl^'s." 



" Mr. Kumlien found this bird breeding in considerable numbers 

 near the head of Cumberland Gulf," but, owing to the difficulty of 

 distinguishing immature specimens from those of L. leucopterus, its 

 status on our coast in winter is not clearly determined. 



47. Lia;rus marinus Linn. Great Black-backed Gull; Saddle- 

 back. Ad. in sutnmer.— Back and wings slaty black; wing-feathers tipped 



