208 BULLETIN 183, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 



antler projectile points and cylinders, and snubnose scrapers in the 

 very briefly inventoried Fulton County sites is evidence that the 

 similarities to Renner may eventually extend to aspects of the arche- 

 ology other than ceramics. On the basis of pottery and a few other 

 resemblances, it looks now as if the search for cultural antecedents 

 of the Renner and related sites will probably lead east or northeast 

 to a horizon much like that represented in the Illinois Valley and 

 perhaps also at Trempealeau. 



If we eliminate the items enumerated above as possibly or prob- 

 ably Hopewellian, there remains at Renner a considerable residue 

 whose wider affinities may be briefly considered. Because pre-Hope- 

 wellian materials, like Hopewellian village site materials, have not 

 been reported or described in detail for most of the eastern United 

 States, it is exceedingly difficult to judge which of these elements are 

 old and which may be due to a blending in the Missouri Valley of 

 marginal Hopewellian with later Mississippi traits. Planoconvex 

 scrapers, unpaired sandstone sharpening blocks, chipped drill points, 

 hammerstones, hematite pigments, small eyed bone needles, chipped 

 knives, deer-ulna awls or punches, and perhaps turkey-bone awls are 

 widespread types in time and space and in themselves throw little 

 light on the affiliations of the Renner complex. Most or all would 

 be as useful in a primitive hunting-gathering economy as in an ad- 

 vanced horticultural society and could probably be justly regarded 

 as archaic types. The stemmed scraper appears to be an eastern rather 

 than a plains type; it is apparently identical with the "crescentic 

 edged scraper" described by Ritchie (1940a, p. 70, pi. 25, figs. 11, 12, 

 20-22) from sites of the Laurentian aspect in New York, an old 

 hunting-fishing-gathering economy of the northeast. A large number 

 of similar objects in the national collections from Boone County, Mo., 

 cannot be allocated as to cultural horizon. The grooved ax is classed 

 by Cole and Deuel (1937, p. 210, table 1) as a Woodland determinant, 

 but I am not aware that its actual distribution has been worked out 

 or its antiquity determined. 



It has already been indicated that nearly 20 percent of the rim 

 sherds from Renner may be non-Hopewellian in type and suggest 

 Mississippi wares. The vessel shapes associated with these sherds are 

 unknown, as is the specific Mississippi horizon to which they may be 

 referred. It should be noted, however, that certain other artifact 

 types may point in the same direction. The chipped "spud," chisels, 

 celts, and the large elliptical blade from Renner respectively suggest 

 the flare-bitted spades, picks, unnotched hoes, and oval-bitted spades 

 illustrated by Titterington (1938, figs. 18, 22, 20, and 17) from Ca- 

 hokia. Bone beamers, classed by Deuel as an Upper Mississippi 

 diagnostic (Cole and Deuel, 1937, p. 214, table 2), are extraordinarily 



