218 BULLETIN 183, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 



wellian remains througliout the upper Mississippi-Ohio-Great Lakes 

 region for the most part precede those of the various Middle and 

 Upper Mississippi manifestations in the same area. Wliat preceded 

 or led up to Hopewell and Hopewellian and what eventually became 

 of the people responsible for these remains are less clear, but explana- 

 tory hypotheses are not lacking (see, for example, Mills, 1917, p. 284; 

 Shetrone, 1920, p. 160 ; Moorehead, 1922b, pp. 173-178 ; Setzler, 1933, 

 p. 21 and 1940, p. 263 ; Ford and Willey, 1940, pp. 137-143, and 1941, 

 pp. 338-344; Quimby, 1941, pp. 144-147; Griffin, 1941a, pp. 211-212, 

 and 1941b). The merits and weaknesses of the several current 

 theories are difficult to assess because much of the evidence on which 

 they presumably rest is fragmentary, unorganized, or has not been 

 set forth with the necessary fullness and exactness. At present, 

 omitting detailed arguments, the likeliest guesses would seem to be 

 (1) that northern Hopewell may owe its beginnings to lower Missis- 

 sippi Valley influences operating on a somewhat sim.pler Woodland- 

 like culture in the north; (2) that there were two principal areas of 

 specialization in the north, namely, the Illinois Valley and southern 

 Ohio; (3) that the more dilute forms of Hopewell-like culture in 

 Missouri, Iowa, Wisconsin, Indiana, Michigan, New York, and pos- 

 sibly Oklahoma represent secondary dispersions from the Illinois 

 and Ohio centers. It should be noted that there is as yet no direct 

 proof that the Marksville horizon in Louisiana, thought by some to 

 be an antecedent form, is actually earlier in time than the northern 

 Hopewell sites, nor is it evident just how the postulated southern 

 stimuli were transmitted to the upper valley. 



Whatever relationship is eventually established between northern 

 Hopewell and the southern Marksville horizon, the archeological 

 investigations of the past decade have contributed increasingly 

 toward an understanding of the position of these two manifestations 

 in the sequences of aboriginal culture in their respective areas. In 

 Louisiana, Ford and Willey (1940, p. 137) have noted cultural con- 

 tinuity between Marksville remains and those of the earlier Tche- 

 functe horizon ; and also between Marksville pottery types and those 

 of later peoples (1941, p. 345). In Illinois, Cole and Deuel (1937, 

 p. 205) similarly see cultural continuity beginning with the early 

 Black Sand people and running through the Morton focus (Central 

 Basin) into Hopewellian. They further suggest (p. 206) that the 

 Hopewellian groups may have been coexistent briefly with succeed- 

 ing Middle Mississippi peoples. 



The limited data on fjliysical anthropology, wherever it is possible 

 to correlate them with cultural sequences, indicate that in both lower 

 and upper Mississippi areas, the cranial types have undergone 

 parallel changes. Thus, in both regions a long-headed undeformed 

 people are thought to be characteristic of pre-Hopewellian culture 



