ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGu\TIOXS IN MISSOURI 219 



levels as witness the Tchefiincte period skulls from Copell (Collins, 

 1941) and the Black Sand remains in Illinois (Neumann, in Cole and 

 Deuel, 1937, p. 263). In both areas, to judge from Crooks site (Ford 

 and Willey, 1940, p. 41), Turner (Hooton, 1922), Fulton County, 111. 

 (Neumann, op. cit.), and Trempealeau (McKern, 1931, pp. 237-238a) 

 the Hopewell and Hopewellian period peoples showed a tendency 

 toward brach^^cephaly and/or occipital deformation, though on the 

 whole dolicocephaly apparentlj^ still prevailed. And again through- 

 out both regions, the post-Hopewell Mississippi horizons were charac- 

 terized by a predominantly broad-headed people who practiced 

 cranial deformation on an extensive scale (Ford and Willey, 1941, 

 p. 334; Neumann, op. cit.). In a further contribution to the phys- 

 ical anthropology of the northern Hopewell area, Neumann (1941, pp. 

 487-488) has called attention to the rather close similarity between 

 crania from the Turner site (primary series) and from Early Wood- 

 land sites (Morton and Black Sand foci, Central Basin phase) in 

 Fulton County, 111., and two later series from Anderson village site 

 at Fort Ancient and from the Maples Mills (Woodland) focus in 

 Illinois. He concludes that all represent the same physical type — 

 a "fairly homogeneous early Sylvid population" once widespread 

 over the eastern United States and probably basic to the Hopewellian 

 peoples. Since the same physical type occurs at Turner and at 

 Anderson village, he suggests that the latter may have been directly 

 descended from the Ohio Hopewell peoples. The Illinois Hopewel- 

 lians, on the other hand, show a stronger brachycranial element, and 

 Neumann is inclined to believe that their descendants should be 

 sought among the middle Mississippi groups "or among such historic 

 tribes as the Ojibway, where there is a strong Centralid element." 

 With reference particularly to the pre-Hopewellian and Hopewellian 

 materials from the Illinois Valley, one may question whether Neu- 

 mann's series are really adequate to give, or indeed are intended to 

 give, more than a provisional outline of the succession of physical 

 types. 



The probable cultural position of the two principal archeological 

 horizons tested by our excavations in Platte County has been indicated 

 in preceding sections of this paper. The Kenner village site has 

 definite relationships to certain northern Elemental Hopewellian 

 manifestations, notably to those of the Illinois Valley ^^ and south- 

 western Wisconsin. It seems quite likely also that the stone- 

 chambered burial mounds of the locality, wherein dolicocranic remains 

 have been found, may have predominantly Hopewellian affinities. 

 There is not sufficient skeletal material available to permit us to judge 



^ Much additional information regarding the Hopewellian occupancy of the Illinois Valley 

 may be found in Baker et al., 1941, and in Griffln, 1041a. 



