ANATIN^E — THE DUCKS — CLANGULA. 



45 



(all round), lower parts, outer scapulars, posterior lesser, middle and greater win<*-coverts and 



secondaries, pure white ; anterior lesser wing-coverts, and outer edges of scapulars and flank feath- 

 ers, and concealed portion of greater coverts, 



deep black ; primaries blackish dusky ; tail 



dull slate ; sides of the anal region behind the 



flanks clouded with grayish. Bill deep black; 



iris bright yellow ; feet orange-yellow, with 



dusky webs. Adult female : Similar to that 



of G. islandica, but head and neck hair-brown 



or grayish brown, rather than purplish sepia 



or snuff-brown, and white on the wing usu- 

 ally not interrupted by a distinct black bar. 

 Downy younrj : 1 Upper parts generally, 



including the whole upper half of the head, 



to the rictus, and considerably below the 



eyes, the jugulum, sides, and thighs, deep 



sooty brown, lighter and more grayish on 



the jugulum; the brown of the upper parts 



relieved by abuut eighl spots of grayish white, 



as follows : one on the posterior border (sec- 

 ondary region) of each wing ; one on each 



side the back ; one on each side the rump, at 



the base of the tail, and one on each flank 



just before the brown of the thighs. Chin, 



throat, and cheeks pure white, in abrupt and 



decided contrast to the brown, which entirely surrounds it ; remaining lower parts grayish white. 



Bill brownish ; nail yellowish. 



Adult male: Total length, about 18.50 to 20.00 inches ; extent, 31.00 ; wing, about 9.25 ; len«th 



of bill, from tip to end of basal angle, 1.85 ; depth at base, L.00 : width, .85 ; tarsus, l.co ; middle 



t..e, 2.50. Adultfemale: Total length, 16.50; extent, 

 26.75; wing, ' s -2."> ; culmen, 1.60; depth of bill at 

 base, .90, width, .7n ; tarsus, 1.40 ; middle toe, 2.20. 



As stated under the head of C. islandica (p. 42), we 



are unable to discover, in the material at ourcom- 



I mand (consisting of upward of twenty specimens, in- 



, eluding six unquestionable G. islandica and many 



/, inoie equally llllilollbled I', i/la iirinn ) positive points of 



" : ili inn lion between the female of the common and of 



|. that of Harrow's Golden-eye. All specimens, however, 



possessing no dusky bar across the ends of the greater 

 wing-coverts, thus interrupting the white wing-patch, 

 should probably be referred to the present species. 

 The females of both species are so variable in everj 

 character we have tested that it is quite impossible 

 to say to which some examples should be referred. 2 



Upon comparing a series of two males and as many 



females of the European Golden-eye (B. clangula) with 



a very large number of American specimens, we are 



unable to detect any difference in coloration. The 



difference in size, however, is so great, and moreover constant, as fully to justify their separation 



as distinct races. 







1 Described from No. 23261, New Brunswick ; G. A. Boardman. 



2 In a paper entitled "On the Golden-eyes, or Carrots, in Nova Scotia," Mr. J. Bernard Gilpin arrives 

 at the same conclusion, after careful study of specimens in the flesh (see pp. 398, 399). This paper, 

 which, in its way, is quite a monograph, is evidently an extract from some larger publication, the title of 



