1 98 LONG-WINGED SWIMMERS — LONGIPENNES. 



Pagophila eburnea. 



THE IVOEY GULL. 



Larus albus, Gukn. in Leem, Beskr. Finm. Lapp. 1767, 2S5. — Schaff. Mus. Oni. 1789, 65, tab. 42. 



Gavia alba, Stejn. Pr. U. S. N. M. Vol. 5, 1882, p. 39.1 



Larus eburneus, Phipps, Voy. N. Pole, App. 1774, 187. — Nctt. Man. II. 1834, 301. — Aud. Orn. 



Biog. III. 1835, 571 ; Synop. 1839, 326; 13. Am. VII. 1844, 150, pi. 445. — Coues, Key, 1872, 



313 ; Check List, 1873, no. 550. 

 Pagophila eburnea, Gray, App. List, Gen. B. 1842, 15. — Lawr. in Baird's B. N.Am. 1858, 836. — 



Baird, Cat. N. Am. B. 1859, no. 676. — Saunders, P. Z. S. 1878, 162 (synonymy, etc.). 

 Larus (Pagophila) eburneus, Bruch, J. f. 0. 1853, 106. —Coues, B. N. W. 1874, 648. 

 Larus Candidas, Muller, Prod. Zool. Dan. 1776, p. viii. 

 Larus niveus, Bodd. Tabl. P. E. 1783, 58, no. 994. 

 Larus brachytarsus, Holboll, Fn. Grcenl. 1846, 52. 

 Larus (Pagophila) brachylarsus, Buucu, J. f. O. 1853, 106. — Lawr. in Baird's B. N. Am. 1858, 



856. — Baird, Cat. N. Am. B. 1859, no. 677. 



Hab. Circumpolar seas, south in winter on the Atlantic coast of America to Labrador, New- 

 foundland, and (rarely ?) New Brunswick. No Pacific coast record. 



Sp. Char. Adult : Entirely pure white, the shafts of the primaries pale yellowish. Bill yel- 

 lowish green, the terminal third yellow ; iris brown ; eyelids vermilion-red ; legs and feet black. 



Young : Similar, but anterior part of the head tinged more or less with brownish gray, 2 the remiges, 

 rectrices, primary coverts, and longer scapulars marked terminally by a spot of dusky, the lesser 

 wing-coverts marked centrally by smaller spots of the same. " Bill black, clouded with pale yel- 

 low ; legs and feet black" (L. Kumlien, MS.). 



Total length, about 17.00-19.50 inches ; wing, 13.25 ; culmen, 1.40 ; depth of bill through nos- 

 trils, .45 ; tarsus, 1.45; middle toe (with claw), 1.75. 



Audubon mentions this species as occasional on the coasts of the United States, 

 and was also informed that it is not uncommon on the coasts of Labrador and New- 

 foundland during the winter. During the summer months it is found only in high 

 northern latitudes, and generally only far out to sea. 



According to Yarrell, several individuals of this species have been taken from 

 time to time on the coasts of Great Britain and Ireland. The first known instance 

 of this kind occurred in Balta Sound, Shetland, in 1822 ; and another happened soon 



1 The same remarks apply to this as to the name of the genus, as explained in footnote on p. 197. 



2 This perhaps an accidental stain. 



