524 



THE DIVING BIRDS — PYGOPODES. 



Fratercula arctica. 



THE COMMON PUFFIN. 



Alca arctica, Linn. S. X. I. 1758, 13, no. 3 ; ed. 12, I. 1766, 211, no. 3. 



Fratercula arctica, Stephens, Shaw's Gen. Zool. XIII. 1825, 37. — Coues, Pr. Philad. Acad. 1868, 



21 ; Key, 1872, 340 ; Check List, 1873, no. 618 ; ed. 2, 1882, no. 854. — BuKEAU, Bull. Soc. 



Zool. France, 1S78, pi. iv. tigs. 1-5. — Ridgw. Norn. N. Am. B. 1881, no. 743. 

 Mormon arctica, Naum. Isis, 1821, 783, pi. 7, figs. 5-7. — Nutt. Man. II. 1834, 54S. — Ar/D. Orn. 



Biog. III. 1835, 105, pi. 213 ; oct. ed. VII. 184, pi. 464. —Cass, in Hand's B. X. Am. 1858, 



903. — Baiiid, Cat. X. Am. B. 1859, no. 71.'.. 

 Mormon fratercula, Temm. .Man. 1820, 933. —Gould, B. Ear. V. 1837, pi. 403. 

 .//,,/ deleta, Brunn, Orn. Bor. 1704. 25, no. 104 (=young). 

 Alca labradoria, Gmel. S. X*. I. ii. 17S8, 550, no. 6 (= young). 

 Mormon Solaris, Brehm, Isis, 1826, 9S5. 

 Mormon Grabw, Brehm, Vbg. Deutschl. 1831, 999. 



Had. Coasts and islands of the North Atlantic, as far as Southern Greenland ; south in winter 

 to Atlantic States, and breeding as far south as France and the Bay of Fundy. 



Sp. Char. Adult, in breeding-season: Pileum fuliginous-dusky, inclining to brownish slate, 

 darker along the lateral margin, lighter anteriorly, the forehead sometimes almost ashy ; rest of 

 the head, including chin and throat, light ashy, the throat with a darker suffusion on each side ; 

 broad collar across foreneck fuliginous-dusky, growing gradually black on sides of neck, the nape 



/'. arctica, winter adult. 



and entire upper parts uniform deep black. Lower parts white, the sides (beneath wing-) gray- 

 ish fuliginous; lining of wings light smoky gray. "Bill with the basal rim and the first ridge 

 of the upper mandible dull yellow, the intervening space grayish blue; basal margin of lower 

 mandible bright red ; first ridge and intervening space as in the upper, the rest bright red 

 (carmine tinged with vermilion) ; membrane at the base of the gape gamboge-yellow, inside of 

 mouth, and tongue, yellow ; edges of eyelids vermilion, horny appendages of eyelids grayish blue ; 

 iris light blue; feet vermilion, claws black " 1 (Audubon). Adult, winter plumage : Similar to 



1 " Adult (hm dnnj.jihrnhi,!,). — Iris hazel-1 lrowi). Eyelids vermilion-retl, fleshy callosities bluish ash. 



Base of bill and fust ridge dull yellowish, the i tained spa,-.' bluish, rest of bill vermilion-red, the tip of 



the lower mandible and the two terminal grooves yellowish. Legs and feet coral-red, claws black" 

 (I lOUEs). 



