ORTHORE.HAPHA. 



41 



KiiYi'HiD.E), then the antennae never bear any terminal style or 

 arista,* and tlie venation is either completely distinct from any 

 of the Brachyoera, or, if rather similar to that of the Brachy- 

 OKRA (as in RJu/phus), the widened end of the anal cell determines 

 its position, and in these cases the many-jointed pendulous palpi 

 ai-e distinct." (Verrall, 1909.) 



"Larvc^ with horizontally biting upper jaws, or with the mouth- 

 piu-ts quite rudimentary, iii which case the larvae are peripneustic, 

 and have 13 sec;inents." (Brauer.) 



BEACHYCERA, Macq. 



" Paljn porrect, not pendulous ; 1- or 2- jointed (sometimes 

 rudimentary) ; if two-jointed, tlie 2nd joint is more or less clavate, 

 and larger than the 1st, which appears to be a handle to tlie 2nd. 

 (Verrali, 1909.) , ^ 



Antennae composed of two basal joints (the 1st sometimes 

 almost imperceptible), generally differentiated irom the 3rd, but 

 in many groups, less conspicuously so than in the Nematocera ; 

 and a third joint, which varies in shape, size and nature to a very 

 great extent. In most cases it is an obviously solid joint of quite 

 a different form from that of the basal joints (Syrpiiid.e, Muscid.^, 

 etc.) ; in several groups it is, whilst differing greatly from the 

 basal'joints, anmdated, t\\iii is, marked with tine transverse lines 

 as though composed of several joints closely compressed (.Stratio- 

 MYii);K,^TABANiDiE, CocNOMYiD.n, etc.); in others (AsiLiD.ii and 

 some BoMBYLiiDvE, etc.) it is elongate and cylindrical, somewhat 

 resembling the basal joints but longer. The 3rd joint may or 

 may not support a style or arista, the latter may be dorsal, but is 

 more often apical. In cases where the 3rd joint is elongate and 

 aunuiated also, thus bearing, to the elementary student, some 

 resemblance to the nematocerous form of this organ, the porrect 

 palpi, and especially the venation, will instantly remove all doubts. 

 (Such genera are Stmtiomi/ia, Oamomyia, Hexatoma, etc.) 



Wings nearly always with a venation of some complexity, but 

 in some genera of Empid^ and DoLicnoPiD.E it is reduced to 

 more simple form. Anal cell t, when open, always contracted 

 near the hind margin of the wing ; but more generally closed 

 before the margin, often at a considerable distance from it. Ihe 

 2nd longitudinal vein not furcate, the 3rd very often furcate. 



- The only apparent exception is in the OuriiNEi'niLin.E, an abnormal group 

 oC extremely Ihuited extent, comprising only five known species and not 

 known to occur in the East. In these flies the tlage Uu.i is aristiform. In 

 Chionei a win^rless TipuUd (not found in the East either), the flagellum ends 

 in a slender 3-fointed style. For Oriental students, the rule may be considered 

 to have no exception. ,• n ^ i rm ,.if,. ;„ 



t I follow Verrali in this, but the beginner is liable to have somedifBcultj in 

 recognising this cell in wings of very simple venation. 



