268 TIPULID^E, 



discover amongst the rich material of this family in the Indian 

 Museum, a genus with absolutely contiguous eyes in both sexes, 

 the first recorded instance in the family,* so far as I am aware. 

 Throughout the TipulidtE the eyes, as an almost inviolate rule, 

 are quite glabrous or bare, with the exception of one section of 

 the LiMNOBiiN.E (Amalopini), in which they are closely but 

 shortly pubescent. 



Tlie jjroboscis. The front of the head is practically always pro- 

 longed forward into a sort of snout of greater or less proportion ; 

 this is spoken of by many authors (especially the older ones), 

 i;nder the general term of j^rohoscis or rostrum. It varies con- 

 siderably in the Tipulid^, as indeed it does in most families. 

 In extreme cases it is very slender, and one and a half times the 

 full length of tlie body (EUjihantomiiia). In many genera it is 

 considerably elongated, stiff and conspicuous (Geranomi/ia, Rham- 

 2)hidia, Toxorhina) ; in the great majority of genera it is of 

 moderate length, being somewhat longer than broad. In the 

 TiPULiNyE (or TiPULiD.E LONGiPALPi), the rostrum is generally 

 more prolonged than in the LiMNOBiiisr.T: (or Tipulid^ beevi- 

 PALPi), and its upper part projects at the tip somewhat over the 

 lower portion in the shape of a point, generally hairy. This is 

 known as the nasus, and is peculiar to the Tipulix.i:, being rarely 

 absent in this subfamily. The upper part or covering of the 

 rostrum or proboscis was recognised by Osteu Sacken as the 

 epistome, which term he always employed when desirous of 

 speaking of it as a separate piece, apart from the whole pro- 

 longation of the head regarded as a single organ. t 



The proboscis proper lies underneath this upper lip, epistome 

 or lahrum, and represents the lower lip or lahium ; it is generally 

 longer than the upper lip, projecting from below at its end, and 

 bearing a fleshy labellinn on each side ; these latter are sometimes 

 considerably developed and are usually pubescent ; often they are 

 incons])icuous. Between the epistome and the proboscis is a 

 linear pointed organ, the toncjue or Uinjiia, wdiich reaches its 

 greatest dev'elopment, so far as the Indian species go, in Gera- 

 nomyia. In Elejiliantomyia % it is still longer, but whether it is 

 more complex remains uncertain. 



Osten Sacken's description of the oral parts of Geranouiyia is as 

 follows : — " These consist of a very long subcylindrical epistoma, 

 a still longer lingua, which is slender and pointed, and a labium 

 divided into two branches at the tip, terminated by slender 



* This genus is named Ceratostcphamis, belonging to the Limnobiini sec- 

 tion of the LiMNOBiiN.E, and is further accentuated in abnormality by the 

 presence of two elongate processes attached to each joint of the antenn.ie. 



t In the present work I have employed the comprehensive term proboscis 

 for the whole prolongation of the head, as, without dissection, it is rarely 

 possible to differentiate the parts of the moutli. When referring specially to 

 the vasits in TiPUUN.n, that term is employed. 



{ Oriental, but not yet recorded from India. 



