270 TIPULIDiE. 



(Ehamphidiini) with 12 jo'niis. Eh ajndolabis * and DiiTcinota with 

 13 joints, Ula with 17 (ail Amalopini), aud so on. 



The joints of the flagellum are usually well separated from one 

 another, sufficiently so as to be tolerably easily counted in most 

 instances with the aid of an ordinary microscope in the case of 

 quite small species, and by means of an ordinarily powerful ento- 

 mological hand-lens in the case of the larger species. In one 

 genus {Tricliocera) the joints are, however, so coalescent towards 

 the tip of the antennae that it is quite impossible to state their 

 number with absolute certainty.t 



Verticillate antennae are the most common form, that is to say, 

 possessing a circlet of long isolated hairs on each joint, perhaps 

 four to six (four is a very general number, arranged two on the 

 upper and two on the lower side) : these are in addition to the 

 close microscopic pubescence with which practically e\ery antenna 

 is covered, and which itself varies in length and abundance in 

 different species. The verticillate row may be placed at the base 

 of the joint or towards its centre, and these hau's occur only on 

 the flagellum, never on the scape, whicli generally bears a few 

 short stiff bristly hairs irregularly placed or arranged in one or 

 two rows towards the tip of each joint. 



The feathery (or plumose) antennae, so common in the males of 

 Ctjlicidje and Chiron OMiDiE, are absolutely unknown in the TiPti- 

 LiD^. In some genera, Ctenoj'hora, Pselliopliora and their allies, 

 are found very conspicuous and enlarged pectinate aud subpectinate 

 antennae in the males, in some instances taking very extraordinary 

 forms. PseUioplwra is the most extensive genus of this nature 

 occurring in the East, whilst a genus of Limxobuni that I have 

 recently described {Ceratostephanus) possesses a pair of palp-like 

 appendages to each antennal joint. GynopUstia, "Wlk., although 

 not Indian, has antennae of a similar fanciful shape, whilst other 

 foreign genera have these organs still more abnormally formed. 



Thorax. Oval, always longer than broad ; occasionally what 

 might be termed "diamond-shaped with rounded angles "(OW- 

 marga, for instance), being narrowed both in front and behind ; 

 sometimes highly arched {TeuclwJalm) or distinctly gibbous, or 

 actually prolonged over the neck {Conosia). In some genera the 

 anterior portion is elongated sufficiently to forn\ a distinct neck 

 (TevcJioJabis, Orimarr/a, Elw.mphidia) ; in others this neck is short 

 and inconspicuous. In some cases the head is set closely on the 



* The two new species placed in JRhajjliulolahis, described herein, have 15 

 distinct joints ; possibly it ma}' be necessary to remove them to a new genus. 



i" Bixa, although it belongs to a diffei'ent family, is another instance of the 

 same peculiarity, the antenna" dwindling away at the tip almost to the size of 

 a thick hair. When they are of this nature they may truly be called setaceous, 

 though the term is often used to designate any antenna that diminislies to a 

 fine point, even though the joints can be counted with certainty. Used in this 

 latter sense it would apply generally to tlie bulk of the Tifulid^. 



