TIPULID.B. 



277 



" The pupae, like those of many of the members of this suborder, 

 are free. The thorax has two hornlike processes which represent 

 the thoracic spiracles, one of which may acquire a very great 

 length for the purpose of breathing from the surface while under 

 water. The abdominal segments have transverse rows of hairs, 

 bristles or spines, which enable the pupa to escape from its place 

 of concealment when about to complete its metamorphosis." 

 '( WilUston.) 



Some species in the larval state do immense damage to grass 

 and other crops, Tipula oleracea, L., being at times a serious pest 

 in meadows in Europe. The life-histories of a number of 

 European species have been worked out, but little or nothing is 

 known of the earlier stages of any Oriental species. 



Ptychopterinae, p. 278. 



Table of Subfamilies of TlPULIDi 



Mesonotum without distinct V-shaped trans- 

 verse furrow or suture ; 6th lon<,dtudinal 

 vein absent; the four palpal joints all 

 considerably elongated, the last one not 

 couspicuouslj longer than the others ; 

 3rd longitudinal vein forked in Pti/- 



choptera 



Mesonotum with distinct V-shaped trans- 

 verse suture always present ; 6th and 7th 

 longitudinal veins always present * ; the 

 four palpal joints unequally elongated, 

 the last always at least as long as the 

 2ud and 3rd together ; 3rd longitudinal 

 vein never forked. 

 The 4th palpal joint very long, whiplash- 

 like, generally as long as or longer 



than the three preceding joints taken 



together ; auxiliary vein generally 



turned down at tip into the 1st longi- 

 tudinal vein ; subcostal cross-vein 



absent ; 2nd scapal joint of antennte 



short and not wider than the 1st 



scapal or the 1st flagellar joint ; 



epistonie produced at tip into a dis- 

 tinct narrow nasus, or nose 



The 4th palpal joint not conspicuously long, 



as long as the 2nd and 3rd joints taken 



together or a little longer ; auxiliary 



vein generally turned up at tip into 



the costa ; subcostal cross-vein nearly 



always present ; 2nd scapal joint 



generally robust (though short) and 



broader than both the 1st scapal and 



1st flagellar joints; epistonie without 



nasus Limnobiinae, p. 356. 



Tipulinae, p. 284. 



* In one geiuis only in Tii'ulid.e is a 

 however, is not Oriental. 



iiigless form known, C/iioM«a, which, 

 t2 



