304 THE ANIMALS OF NEW ZEALAND 



containing P. caruncidafus, P. onslowi, and P. travcrsi, and a 

 non-caruneulated section, containing P. steiuarti, P. caniphelli, 

 P. colcnsoi, P. ra)ifuiiyi, and P. clialconotus. As the skin on the 

 lores is at first smooth, and then becomes granulated, it may 

 be supposed that the carunculated section is descended from the 

 non-carunculated one. ]\Iany of the species are characterised by 

 having white bars on the wing-coverts and lower back, which 

 do not appear until the birds are mature. Consequently, it may 

 be assumed that the species with these white bars are descended 

 from those without them. All the carunculated species, except 

 P. verrucosus, from Kerguelen Island, have white bars on the 

 wings, and all but P. verrucosus and P. traversi have white dorsal 

 bars. This is confirmatory evidence of the carunculated section 

 having descended from the non-carunculated one. 



Of the non-carunculated species, P. stewarti is the only one in 

 which both bars are present, and it must, therefore, be looked 

 upon as the connecting link between the sections. In P. colensoi 

 and P. camphelli there is an alar bar, but no dorsal one, and in 

 the latter bird the alar bar is very narrow. In the South 

 American species, P. hongainvilli, and P. magellanicus, there is 

 no alar bar. So that we have a series from P. stewarti to P. 

 mageUa)iicus. The same thing is noticeable in the colouration of 

 the throat and neck. In P. magellanicus both are dark; in P. 

 hongainvilli and P. camphelli the throat is white and the neck is 

 dark ; in P. colensoi both neck and throat are white ; finally, the 

 young of P. colensoi and P. ranfurlyi have the neck black as in 

 P. camphelli, and it becomes white only when the bird is mature. 

 There is pretty good evidence, therefore, that P. inagellanicus 

 represents the prototype from which the others have come. 



P. clialconotus is entirely black, but, as the colours of the skin 

 on the face and gular pouch are exactly like those of P. 

 slewarfi, it may l)e looked upon as a black descendant of that 

 species, especially as it has occasionally white feathers on its 

 lower surface. 



The carunculated species from South America, P. atriceps and 

 P. alhiventer, as well as the Kerguelen Island P. verrucosus, differ 

 from New Zealand forms in having no feathers on the giilar 



